Data Analysis Project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Data Analysis Project - Assignment Example Additionally, the study applied a chi-square test to analyze the relationship between the ownership of a vehicle and the visiting of an outside facility besides the SU facilities. The results show that there are no relationships between gender & exercising once a week, and cigarette smoking & gender. Additionally, the results showed that there are substantial examples of associations between gender and the type of exercise, gender and the frequency of exercising, being a member or not of an athletic team and the rating as well as satisfaction of participants using the SU facilities. Major disparities in the results show that, although gender determines the type of exercise chosen, there are no major relationships between the frequency of attendance and the choice of attending exercise sessions once a week. The measurement tool for this research is a questionnaire comprising of 6 questions for this section of the study which seeks to analyze the data on exercise habits and it relates one variable with another. The data set considered three types of question types comprising of multiple and closed-ended questions. For the multiple choice questions, the participants were expected to select any of the answers that suit them best. For the closed-ended questions, only answers such as ‘Yes’ and ‘No’ were allowed as this would make part of the numerical data analysis. Through the representation of results as ‘yes’ or ‘no’, numerically this can be presented logically as 1s and 0s for every ‘yes’ and ‘no’ respectively. In this case, questions that require ‘yes’ or ‘no’ answers provided the independent variables that other items on the variable list depended on. For instance, the questionnaire requires participants to indicate their sex. In this case, each male case is denoted as a 1 and every female participant is indicated as a 0. In this

The Same Things Still Fall Apart Essay Example for Free

The Same Things Still Fall Apart Essay In his first acclaimed novel, Things Fall Apart, one of Chinua Achebes many accomplishments is his uncompromisingly toughened rendering of Nigerian tribal life pre and post colonialism. The book was first published in 1958, which was just two years ahead before Nigeria declared independence from Great Britain; the book abstains from the obvious attraction of portraying pre-colonial life as a kind of Eden. Instead, Achebe outlined a world in which cruelty, war, and anguish exist; but at the same time, is filled with a balanced and strong sense of belief, ceremony, and social coherence. But more important than that, let us focus on his protagonist—Okonkwo. Okonkwo is a self-made man. He is the son of a charismatic good-for-nothing father. Okonkwo hated his father for this; and because of such, he worked day and night all his life to triumph over his fathers flaws. He was able to overcome his father’s reputation and has finally arrived at great richness and even greater status amongst his colleagues in the village of Umuofia. He is a champion warrior, a wealthy farmer, has three wives and father to several children. But more important than the characteristic that he portrays in the story, in a deeper and more objective angle, he is the epitome of a man who displays the flaws of a well-known Greek catastrophe: â€Å"Okonkwo ruled his household with a heavy hand. His wives, especially the youngest, lived in perpetual fear of his fiery temper, and so did his little children. Perhaps down in his heart Okonkwo was not a cruel man. But his whole life was dominated by fear, the fear of failure and of weakness. It was deeper and more intimate than the fear of evil and capricious gods and of magic, the fear of the forest, and of the forces of nature, malevolent, red in tooth and claw. Okonkwos fear was greater than these. It was not external but lay deep within himself. It was the fear of himself, lest he should be found to resemble his father.† (Achebe) At the same time, Achebe was also able to make this man cruel and sympathetic at the same time. And no matter how he conceals it, Okonkwo is fond of his eldest daughter and Ikemefuna—a little boy that was sent from a different village as payment for the wicked death of a young woman from Umuofia (another village). He starts to be delighted in his eldest son, in whom he has too frequently seen his own father. A series of catastrophic events tests the determination of this strong man, and it is his dread of weakness that eventually undoes him. It is only near the end that the real climax of the story begins. By then, Okonkwo and his village are already being colonized by the white men. But, with the traditions of his culture and village, his hopes for redemption are too mighty high to be abolished. The arrival of the white men with intentions to convert them into Christians, and the pursuance of the officials from the colonial government made his village confused and disrupted the Ibo culture completely. Okonkwo realized that it will be very hard on his part and for his fellow villagers to adapt to the incoming modern influences. And with these in mind, Okonkwo is now confused and lost between the abyss of the old and new ways. Because he believed that they should keep their traditions, Okonkwo self-decided that they should rage a war against the colonizers: â€Å"Does the white man understand our custom about land?† â€Å"How can he when he does not even speak our tongue? But he says that our customs are bad; and our own brothers who have taken up his religion also say that our customs are bad. How do you think we can fight when our own brothers have turned against us? The white man is very clever. He came quietly and peaceably with his religion. We were amused at his foolishness and allowed him to stay. Now he has won our brothers, and our clan can no longer act like one. He has put a knife on the things that held us together and we have fallen apart.†   (Achebe) With this ideology, it is quite clear that Okonkwo does not want to be colonized and he will do anything in his power to avoid that. He was ready to go to war but when he realized that his clan is not ready, he was very disappointed and just decided to hang himself instead. When the commissioner decided to write a book about his rebellion and his clan, from the title of the book itself (The Pacification of the Primitive Tribes of the Lower Niger), it is sufficient to say that he was not successful in attaining his goal. The title of the book itself implies that the book will only be filled with biased point of views and opinions from him. Both the commissioner and Okonkwo failed in meeting half-way to share their culture. Since it became harder for him adapt and at the same time he does not want to be colonized, he decided and resorted that war is the answer. But his bravery is not the same as his villagers. He failed to emphasize to them the importance of their culture. This scenario not only happens in secluded villages in ancient years. It also happens in modern times in different forms and intensity but the same ideologies persist. Last December 2007, Benazir Bhutto was assassinated in her homeland of Pakistan. For the longest time, she kept on fighting for the liberation of the vast minority in Pakistan. With the power that she has, it was inevitable that there will be people who will dislike her, and so, they assassinated her. Though this example is very political in nature, it has similarities from the story because they fought for the same thing—which was liberation for their people and at the same time, both characters were not able to fully achieve what they are fighting for. Somehow, both characters failed to achieve their goals. Works Cited: Achebe, Chinua. Things Fall Apart. 1st Anchor Books Ed edition ed: Anchor, 1959.

Microeconomics :: Papers

Microeconomics This paper will attempt to examine microeconomic structures in relation to technological advances. The impact of increasingly available technology is a major economic force. Prior to 1975, for example, viewing a first run movie at home was technically possible but economically infeasible. Only the wealthy chose to view moves at home. VCR's became available in 1976, with a typical price tag of $2000.00 Even at such a high price, that invention slashed the price of home viewing. Today a VCR can be purchased for $200.00, a fraction of its' initial cost. Videos can be rented for approximately a dollar or purchased for around $20.00. Home viewing has become common in a few short years, where formerly it had been available only to the very rich. In what other ways has technology changed the way of life and can microeconomic mechanisms accurately predict future economic outcomes? What is Economics? The simple answer to the question, "What is the economy?" is to state that the economy is the means by which resources are allocated. A more accurate portrayal of economic process is to view it as a machine that produces three distinctly different results: ï‚ · First, the economy determines what goods and services will be produced and in what quantities. ï‚ · Secondly, it indicates how various goods and services will be produced. ï‚ · Thirdly, it resolves the question of distribution. Markets for goods and services, and markets for production of those goods and services -- command mechanisms --directly correlate with the choices made by households, firms and governments. The US economy relies mainly on markets but to a degree on command mechanisms. The US economy is an open economy and has become highly integrated with the global economy. This is a fairly recent development, with foreign investment into US business outstripping US investments in foreign enterprises shifting the balance in the mid-1980s. Economists study these financial movements in order to determi ne the underlying principles driving the economy. This approach utilizes the same rigor and objectivity of natural scientists. Economic science, like natural science, is an attempt to discover a body of laws. All sciences use the same criteria in the investigative process: careful and systematic observation and measurement, and the development of a body of theory to direct and interpret observations. That theory is a general rule or principle that allows economists to understand and predict the economic choices that people make.

Memory :: essays research papers

Memory is defined as the faculty by which sense impressions and information are retained in the mind and subsequently recalled. A person’s capacity to remember and the total store of mentally retained impressions and knowledge also formulate memory. (Webster, 1992) â€Å"We all possess inside our heads a system for declassifying, storing and retrieving information that exceeds the best computer capacity, flexibility, and speed. Yet the same system is so limited and unreliable that it cannot consistently remember a nine-digit phone number long enough to dial it† (Baddeley, 1993). The examination of human behavior reveals that current activities are inescapably linked by memories. General â€Å"competent† (1993) behavior requires that certain past events have effect on the influences in the present. For example, touching a hot stove would cause a burn and therefore memory would convey a message to not repeat again. All of this is effected by the development of short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM). Memories can be positive, like memories of girlfriends and special events, or they can be negative, such as suppressed memories. Sexual abuse of children and Memory 3 adolescents is known to cause severe psychological and emotional damage. Adults who were sexually abused in childhood are at a higher risk for developing a variety of psychiatric disorders, anxiety disorders, personality disorders, and mood disorders. To understand the essential issues about traumatic memory, the human mind’s response to a traumatic event must first be understood. The memory is made up of many different sections with each having different consequences on one another. Can people remember what they were wearing three days ago? Most likely no, because the memory only holds on to what is actively remembered. What a person was wearing is not important so it is thrown out and forgotten. This type of unimportant information passes through the short-term memory. â€Å"Short-term memory is a system for storing information over brief intervals of time.† (Squire, 1987) It’s main characteristic is the holding and understanding of limited amounts of information. The system can grasp brief ideas which would otherwise slip into oblivion, hold them, relate them and understand them for its own purpose. (1987) Another aspect of STM was introduced by William James in 1890, under the name â€Å"primary memory† (Baddeley, 1993). Primary memory refers to the information that forms the focus of current attention and that occupies the stream of thought. â€Å"This information does not need to be brought back to mind in order to be used† (1993). Compared to short-term memory, primary memory Memory 4 places less emphasis on time and more emphasis on the parts of attention, processing, and holding. No matter what it is called, this system is used when someone hears a telephone number and remembers it long enough to write it down.

Difference of Athens and Han China Essay

To the question how great were the differences of classical Athens and Han china? My interpretation is that there was a huge difference in these two empires. Like there form of government, art, geography, and population. In classical Greece (9th–6th centuries BCE) the form of government is a democracy which is ‘administration is in the hands of, not of a few, but of the whole people’ (Pericles). Where as in Han china (206 BCE – 220 CE) the form of government is a bureaucracy which is a body of non-elective government officials. ‘The emperor appointed governors to each district for his domain’. Also in classical Greece the art was different than Han china. In Han china the art was more focused on nature, and how nature is more important, and how we should be in harmony with nature. ‘Each separate being in the universe returns to the common source. Returning to the source is serenity.’(Lao-tzu ) where as in classical Greece the art was more focused on the ideal man. ‘The world is full of wonders but nothing is more wonderful than man.’(Sophocles). The geography was also completely different. In classical Greece the area was surrounded by water and the empire was smaller than the Han Empire . And the population was different where classical Greece had a total population 315,000 people. Han china had a total population 65,000,000 people. These are the reason that are why there was a huge difference in classical Greece and Han china.

Using the Spanish Verb Encontrar

Using the Spanish Verb Encontrar Although encontrar is obviously a cognate of the English verb to encounter and has the same basic meaning, it is more common than the English verb and is used in a wider variety of situations. Most of the time, encontrar can be translated as to find with its varieties of meanings: Quiero encontrar al hombre de mi vida. I want to find the man of my life. Aquà ­ vas a encontrar el mejor jazz en el mundo. Here you are going to find the best jazz in the world. No encuentro la opcià ³n de exportar la foto. Im not finding the option for exporting the photo.  ¿Encontraste las llaves del coche? Did you find the keys to the car? No pude encontrar lo que estaba buscando. I couldnt find what I was looking for. Encontrà © que las puertas de las oportunidades se abrieron. I found that the doors of opportunity were opened. Los mà ©dicos le encontraron el cncer justo a tiempo. The doctors found his cancer just in time. Encontraron dificultad para diferenciar entre lesiones benignas y malignas. They found difficulty in differentiating between benign and harmful injuries. In the above examples, other translations for encontrar are possible: Im not locating the option for exporting the photo. I saw that the doors of opportunity were opened. The doctors discovered his cancer just in time. They ran into difficulty in differentiating between benign and harmful injuries. They encountered difficulty in differentiating between benign and harmful injuries. If you try translating a sentence using encontrar and find doesnt work well, you may have better luck using one of the verbs in the above paragraph. The reflexive form encontrarse sometimes suggests that something was found unexpectedly or by chance: Se encontraron el dinero en la calle. They (unexpectedly) found the money in the streets. Yo me encuentro el mismo problema. I am (unintentionally) finding the same problem. The reflexive form can also be used to mean to meet each other or to find each other. Brad y Jennifer se encontraron en secreto. Brad and Jennifer met in secret. La medicina y la fe se encuentran en Lourdes. Medicine and faith meet at Lourdes. The reflexive form can also be used to give the verb a passive meaning: Se encontraron las llaves de la casa, pero ningà ºn efecto personal. The keys to the house were found, but no personal effects. No se encontrà ³ nada. Era una falsa alerta. Nothing was found. It was a false alarm. Keep in mind that encontrar is conjugated irregularly, following the pattern of . When the stem of the verb is stressed, the o changes to ue. Verb forms that are irregular (in boldface) are: Present indicative (I find, you find, etc.): yo encuentro, tà º encuentras, usted/à ©l/ella encuentra, nosotros/as encontramos, vosotros/as encontris, ustedes/ellos/ellas encuentran. Present subjunctive (that I find, that you find, etc.): que yo encuentre, que tà º encuentres, que usted/à ©l/ella encuentre, que nosotros/as encontremos, que vosotros/as encontrà ©is, que ustedes/ellos/ellas encuentren. Imperative (commands): encuentra (tà º), no encuentres (tà º), encuentre usted, encontremos (nosotros/as), encontrad (vosotros/as), no encontrà ©is (vosotros/as), encuentren ustedes. All other forms are regularly conjugated. The most common related noun is el encuentro, which can refer to encounters of various kinds, including meetings, discussions and even collisions.

When Shortening Synchronize, Best Leave Off the h

When Shortening Synchronize, Best Leave Off the h When Shortening â€Å"Synchronize,† Best Leave Off the â€Å"h† When Shortening â€Å"Synchronize,† Best Leave Off the â€Å"h† By Maeve Maddox Computer users are often concerned with synchronizing their various programs and machines. The process is so common that the three-syllable word synchronize is usually shortened to its first syllable. The one-syllable shortening has become so acceptable that both the OED and Merriam-Webster have entries for it. Both sync and synch are given as spellings, and a browser search indicates that both forms are in about equal use: How to Synch Outlook How to Synch Google Calendar with a SmartPhone How to Sync Google Services With Your Mobile Device How to sync an iPhone with two (or more) Computers How to sync with .Mac and connected devices How to synch new records between two tables ? The spelling synch presents no difficulty of pronunciation to speakers who know the origin and pronunciation of the shortened word. synchronize [(sÄ ­ngkrÉ™-nÄ «z] c.1624, to occur at the same time, from Gk. synchronizein be of the same time. However, while the spelling sync [sÄ ­ngk] preserves the sound of the first syllable of synchronize, the spelling synch suggests the pronunciation [(sÄ ­nch]. Sounds of ch The English spelling ch can represent three different sounds. The first and most common sound is the sound heard at both ends of church. The second sound represented by ch is [k]. This spelling applies to words from the Greek, words like synchronize. However, the trouble with shortening the Greek word synchronize to synch is that the overwhelming (and pattern-forming) majority of one-syllable English words ending in ch are pronounced with the first sound of ch: each, itch, beach, coach, fetch, march, mulch, peach, porch, which. etc. The pronunciation shift may have already begun What provoked this post was a spelling I noticed in a scientific article on the topic of amino acids. The writer makes the topic interesting by explaining chemical processes in popular terms. In one example he compares cells and proteins to words and letters. He postulates a game hosted by Regis Philbin (italics mine): You can rotate each wheel at will and then press a button to see if the combination that you chose is one of the one million winning combinations.  You can keep doing this until you give up.   You think that this game is a synch.   The intended word is cinch [sÄ ­nch], in the sense of â€Å"something easy to accomplish.† I rest my case. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:English Grammar 101: All You Need to Know"Gratitude" or "Gratefulness"?One "L" or Two?

The Manufacturing and Cultural History of Nylon Stockings

The Manufacturing and Cultural History of Nylon Stockings In 1930, Wallace Carothers, Julian Hill, and other researchers for the DuPont Company studied chains of molecules called polymers, in an attempt to find a substitute for silk. Pulling a heated rod from a beaker containing carbon- and alcohol-based molecules, they found the mixture stretched and, at room temperature, had a silky texture. This work culminated in the production of nylon marking the beginning of a new era in synthetic fibers. Nylon Stockings - 1939 New York World's Fair Nylon was first used for fishing line, surgical sutures, and toothbrush bristles. DuPont touted its new fiber as being as strong as steel, as fine as a spiders web, and first announced and demonstrated nylon and nylon stockings to the American public at the 1939 New York Worlds Fair. According to The Nylon Drama authors David Hounshell and John Kenly Smith, Charles Stine, vice president DuPont unveiled the worlds first synthetic fiber not to a scientific society but to three thousand womens club members gathered at the site of the 1939 New York Worlds Fair for the New York Herald Tribunes Eighth Annual Forum on Current Problems. He spoke in a session entitled We Enter the World of Tomorrow which was keyed to the theme of the forthcoming fair, the World of Tomorrow. Full-Scale Production of Nylon Stockings First Nylon PlantDuPont built the first full-scale nylon plant in Seaford, Delaware, and began commercial production in late 1939. The company decided not to register nylon as a trademark, according to Dupont they, choose to allow the word to enter the American vocabulary as a synonym for stockings, and from the time it went on sale to the general public in May 1940, nylon hosiery was a huge success: women lined up at stores across the country to obtain the precious goods. The first year on the market, DuPont sold 64 million pairs of stockings. That same year, nylon appeared in the movie, The Wizard of Oz, where it was used to create the tornado that carried Dorothy to the Emerald City. Nylon Stocking the War Effort In 1942, nylon went to war in the form of parachutes and tents. Nylon stockings were the favorite gift of American soldiers to impress British women. Nylon stockings were scarce in America until the end of World War II, but then returned with a vengeance. Shoppers crowded stores, and one San Francisco store was forced to halt stocking sales when it was mobbed by 10,000 anxious shoppers. Today, nylon is still used in all types of apparel and is the second most used synthetic fiber in the United States.

Management of Human Resource individual Work wk1 Essay

Management of Human Resource individual Work wk1 - Essay Example Regard to the significance of employing the employees on as broad a geographical ground as feasible (Storey, 1999). Moreover, and to the equal partaking of males and females in the duties if the firms. The superseding apprehension of human resources managers in the organizations is to connect human resources management with managerial aims, to put into consideration the outside and inside forces applicable to human resources management. The Framework includes a meaning of organizational plan and its influence on the human resources management atmosphere. It identifies the dissimilar yet interconnected elements that constitute human resources management in the organization. Google is one of the organizations that give great concern to the framework. Mainly, Google motivates its employees. Being a decentralized company having more than forty head offices, it uses the motivational structure. It does it by allowing its employees to use the innovation time off policy. The employees are free to utilize twenty percent of their time in fields of their interest. Through the policy, very many new services have come into existence. Such services include Gmail. Moreover, it has six most essentials, some of which contains other sub-components. Definition, Recognition of central part/non-central elements, fundamental values and the connections between elements and sub-elements. The Framework gives the organizations with a holistic conceptual ground from which to make use of one or more fields of human resources management modification. Therefore, organizations can use it to speculate future work, policies, and measures. In addition to that, other activities are essential elements that mainly motivate the staff. These activities will boost the morale of staff members. An increase in morale among staff increases their output in general. Furthermore, use of human triad is a performance measuring

EU Law Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

EU Law - Coursework Example Enforcement concerning a state’s legal responsibility for the infringement of rights which are imposed upon the individual member of the states comprises the aspects such as employment and industrial relation which are controlled by the ECJ of the Member States. Most of the EU regulations which specify certain directives concerning the areas of employment as well as industrial relation are implemented with the assistance of policies of direct effect of directives. The direct effect of directives affirms that the states as well as ‘emanation of the state’ are accountable even if legal responsibilities regarding non-execution of the EU directives reclines with the other parties of the state. The effect of directives is limited by the persistence of ECJ on the basis of the implications of vertical legal responsibilities of the states which are referred as vertical direct effect. Contextually, horizontal direct effect is regarded as a doctrine whereby individual membe rs can depend on obtaining direct effect in relation to provisions within the treaties1. Explanation of Direct and Indirect Effect of EU Law and State Liability Direct effect is considered as a guideline of EU law where it emphasizes on those factors of EU law which are directly enforceable by union community members within their own Member States. Moreover, direct effect can be implemented by concerning upon directives, regulations, treaty provisions and its decisions. The notion of ‘direct effect’ was first utilized by the ECJ when it attributed to particular Treaty articles the legal value of direct effect in the case of NV Algemene Transporten Expeditie Onderneming van Gend en Loos v. Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen case no.26/62 [1963]. In this case, ECJ recognized three circumstances which are essential to establish direct effect within the EU law. Three circumstances are as follows: The provision should maintain enough clarity and should be accurately s tated This provision should be restricted and not related with any other legal stipulation It should bestow an appropriate right by which a citizen can make a claim If these aforementioned conditions are fulfil then the stipulation of the treaties can provide similar legal effects as regulations mentioned in the Article 288 ‘Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TEFU)’2. The policy of indirect effect needs the decision of national court where parties of the Member States are responsible for the fulfilment of EU obligations. Contextually, this policy enforces indirectly by the mechanism of judicial interpretation of domestic law. Moreover, indirect effect can be viewed as an addition regulation of EU law as well as a consequence of the policy of direct effect. On the basis of the implication of the specification of directives which creates direct effect wherein national court should ignore the domestic laws in order to minimize the conflict between the directi ves as well as domestic law3. The indirect effect has been observed to take place in the case of Plaumann & Co v Commission, Case 25/62, 15 July 19634. The ECJ

Near Field Communication (NFC) for WXPO Commerce Bank Essay

Near Field Communication (NFC) for WXPO Commerce Bank - Essay Example This is the reason for focusing mobile based services, as they are assumed to be an attractive and profitable business. However, there are many domains that can be categorized, one of them is called a mobile payment system. Researchers are continuously working to enhance mobile experience, consequently adding more services in to an affordable handheld device that can be convenient and cost efficient for both business and consumers. Previously, many mobile embedded services are launched. For instance, General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), Skype equipped with Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), Bluetooth communication radio, Infrared communication, Built-in Modems, browsers, online access to bank accounts via Internet etc. This shows that the researchers are constantly working to provide a one-time solution for the customers. For instance, a hand held device will become multipurpose device that may also eliminate security issues, as a single device is easy to manage. In the same contex t, mobile payment methods are in reach, as new field communication (NFC) is embedded in many mobile chipsets around the globe (Ondrus, Pigneur 2009). This technology will revolutionize the way of utilizing services that are provided on the cell phone. Consumers can use their cell phone for mobile payments, ticketing and bus fares etc. moreover, NFC also facilitate cell phones for device to device communication, retrieving signals from other chipsets and sensors. For instance, Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and card emulations (Ondrus, Pigneur 2009). Overall, NFC is considered to be an efficient communicator for proximity interactions between any two or more devices. Likewise, NFC comprises of contactless smartcard and the cell phone. One significant advantage of using a contactless smartcard from the traditional smart cards made of plastic embedded with a magnetic strip or security chip is that the card reader becomes faulty. The reason for becoming faulty is the dust and gre ase that can degrade the capability of the reader. Moreover, cost is the second factor i.e. there is no requirement to produce a physical smart card. Furthermore, the contactless smart card is more convenient, as it travels with the consumer due to its integration in the cell phone. As NFC uses a very short range of communication i.e. approx. 1.5 inches, it is safe and secure for conducting an online transaction with such a small distance. No one can disrupt of hack in between the two communication nodes i.e. the contactless smartcard and the responder. Moreover, an organization named as Molo Rewards has recently introduced a program that is utilizing NFC technology. Consumers can download different coupons by swiping their cell phones at the point of purchase (†¦, Early days but wallet-less payments are the future  « As I learn 2011). Moreover, NFC supported phones are now widely available in many countries; organization has started to integrate RFID tags on the back cover o r casing of the cell phone (†¦, Early days but wallet-less payments are the future  « As I learn 2011). Furthermore, organization has mentioned these lines on their website â€Å"Want to send a coupon to a consumer who purchased a box of cereal on the 21st of December at 11am EST. MoLo Rewards can provide you with the

Alternative Fuels - Why we need to invest now to avoid permanent Essay

Alternative Fuels - Why we need to invest now to avoid permanent Global Warming - Essay Example It will then discuss the feasibility of various alternative fuels which if implemented on a wide scale would greatly reduce air pollution and possibly avoid the predicted outcome, alternative energy from bio-fuels, hydrogen, geothermal, solar and nuclear sources. Essentially, the greenhouse effect functions in the following manner. When sunlight pierces the atmosphere and hits the earth’s surface, not all of the sun’s solar energy is absorbed. Approximately a third of it is reflected back into space. Specific atmospheric gases serve in much the same way as does the glass of a greenhouse, thus the terminology. These gases allow sunlight to penetrate then trap some of the solar energy which heats the earth (Breuer, 1980). It is a delicate balance and because these greenhouse gases have been artificially augmented by man-made sources, more build up in the atmosphere has occurred thus trapping more of the sun’s energy and reflecting less back in to space. This occurrence is causing the earth to warm. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is the most prevalent of the greenhouse gases. Trees absorb CO2 and when they die, CO2 is restored to the atmosphere. The clearing of forests by mass burning, which is happening at a phenomenal rate in the tropical rain forests, is decreasing the amount of CO2 that is absorbed and increasing the amount that is added to the atmosphere. CO2 supplies about half of the total gases that create the greenhouse effect (Breuer, 1980). Although deforestation is contributing heavily to the excess of CO2 in the atmosphere, a larger portion is caused by the burning of fossil fuels such as oil and coal. Fossil fuels are burned by factories, vehicles and electricity-producing power plants to name a few sources. Other greenhouse gases include methane, which is released when vegetation is burned during land

Summary and Conclusion to executive audience Essay

Summary and Conclusion to executive audience - Essay Example The company expects to meet all the database application and reporting requirements by development of policies, guidelines, standards, and practices in connection to the project. If all the stages of implementation are followed to the latter, then Riordan Manufacturing will successfully implement the database project for use in the finance and accounting department of the company. The diagrams used in the implementation of the project should be easily understandable and it is recommended that the users should add proper notes that would assist and aid in terms of understanding all the diagrams completely. Design is the important stage of the implementation of the project and should be done with a close coordination with all other aspects of the physical information system design. Design should be followed by documentation to guide the users. Database application will then be met if all the stages of implementation are followed to the

Alternative Fuels - Why we need to invest now to avoid permanent Essay

Alternative Fuels - Why we need to invest now to avoid permanent Global Warming - Essay Example It will then discuss the feasibility of various alternative fuels which if implemented on a wide scale would greatly reduce air pollution and possibly avoid the predicted outcome, alternative energy from bio-fuels, hydrogen, geothermal, solar and nuclear sources. Essentially, the greenhouse effect functions in the following manner. When sunlight pierces the atmosphere and hits the earth’s surface, not all of the sun’s solar energy is absorbed. Approximately a third of it is reflected back into space. Specific atmospheric gases serve in much the same way as does the glass of a greenhouse, thus the terminology. These gases allow sunlight to penetrate then trap some of the solar energy which heats the earth (Breuer, 1980). It is a delicate balance and because these greenhouse gases have been artificially augmented by man-made sources, more build up in the atmosphere has occurred thus trapping more of the sun’s energy and reflecting less back in to space. This occurrence is causing the earth to warm. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is the most prevalent of the greenhouse gases. Trees absorb CO2 and when they die, CO2 is restored to the atmosphere. The clearing of forests by mass burning, which is happening at a phenomenal rate in the tropical rain forests, is decreasing the amount of CO2 that is absorbed and increasing the amount that is added to the atmosphere. CO2 supplies about half of the total gases that create the greenhouse effect (Breuer, 1980). Although deforestation is contributing heavily to the excess of CO2 in the atmosphere, a larger portion is caused by the burning of fossil fuels such as oil and coal. Fossil fuels are burned by factories, vehicles and electricity-producing power plants to name a few sources. Other greenhouse gases include methane, which is released when vegetation is burned during land

A Reflective Analysis on the Assessment and Management for ankle Essay - 1

A Reflective Analysis on the Assessment and Management for ankle injury - Essay Example The aim was not only to see the patient receiving the most suitable treatment for his condition, but also to consider such matters as how could he have been treated somewhat differently for an optimal outcome and how can similar injuries be prevented in the future. When considering this patient’s case reflectively the Gibbs model was chosen (1988). This well established model was chosen because it follows logically , and includes such things as evaluation and analysis, and also allows for the fact that the problem might recur, as is common in ankle injuries. The practitioner as they reflect, learn while doing. A patient in his early 20s walked in at the UCC with a contused left ankle. He said that he acquired the injury while playing soccer and the swelling and reaction present indicated that he was in great pain. The patient responded to questions in order to identify the cause of the injury, and the next cause of action. An ankle injury occurs when there is overstretching of ligaments beyond their ability, therefore causing a tearing (Stephens, Pait, & Sheehan, 2003). Following the OTTAWA ankle rules, not all ankle springs require XRAY, especially where there are no suspected fractures (McKeag & Moeller, 2007, p. 502). However, the clinician did make an exemption in this case because there was a swelling on the left ankle and the condition would not allow palpation of the bone. It was felt that if the patient had not continued playing at the initial stage when he first injured the ankle then there would not have been such swelling and the pain he was experiencing. Ankle sprain results from two situations; The inversion injury whereby the ankle turns inside as the ankle inverse and an injury due to external rotation (Buttaro, Trybulski, & Bailey, 2013 p.887). In order to determine the extent of the injury, which is a categorization the injury in a particular grade, a health practitioner carries out further

Two Bildungsromans in One Story Essay Example for Free

Two Bildungsromans in One Story Essay In Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird, Scout and Jem Finch become more cultured and mature young-adults by experiencing different events. Scout became more lady-like when she observed and helped Calpurnia at her Aunt Alexandra’s brunch. Jem learned from Atticus and Miss Maudie that you should not take pride in your talents. Jem and Scout Finch became more adult-like and mature young people by experiencing different events. It begins with Scout sitting in on her Aunt Alexandra’s missionary brunch. Scout Finch became more lady-like when she observed and helped out at her Aunt Alexandra’s brunch. Scout saw that Calpurnia was doing everything, so she asked if Cal needed any help. ‘â€Å"Can I help you Cal?’ I asked, wishing to be of some service.† (Lee 306). Even when Miss Stephanie Crawford asked Scout if she wanted to be a lawyer when she grew up, Scout stopped and thought for herself, rather than to please others. ‘â€Å"Don’t you want to be a lawyer?† Miss Maudie’s hand touched mine and I answered mildly enough, ‘Nome, just a lady.†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Lee 308) Scout learned in this chapter how to be a lady, just as Jem over the course of chapters, learned how to be a gentleman. Jem learned from Atticus and Miss Maudie that a gentleman never takes pride in his talents. When Jem saw his father shoot a wandering mad dog dead-on, he realized something very important; a gentleman should never take pride in his talents. â€Å"Jem became vaguely articulate: ‘D you see him, Scout? D’ you see him just standin’ there?’n’ all of a sudden he just relaxed all over, an’ it looked like that gun was a part of him†¦an’ he did it so quick, like†¦I hafta aim for ten minutes ‘fore I can hit somethin’†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Lee 129). Miss Maudie had to explain to Jem why his father never told him about his talent in hunting. ‘â€Å"People in their right minds never take pride in their talents,’ said Miss Maudie.† (Lee 130). Both Jem and Scout Finch had small, different realizations throughout the book. Both Jem and Scout Finch learned to become adults in their own different ways. With Scout, she figured out that if you want there to be change in the world, you can’t sit around and do nothing, you have to go out and get it, wherever you can. â€Å"‘Jem, how can you hate Hitler so bad, an’ then turn around and be ugly about folks right at home-†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (Lee 331). For Jem, growing up is more about facing the world for it is, and not what he wished it would be. â€Å"Atticus said that Jem was trying hard to forget something, but what he was really doing was storing it away for a while, until enough time passed. Then he would be able to think about it and sort things out.† (Lee 331). In Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird, Scout and Jem Finch became more informed, and mature young-adults by watching the examples set by their family, and the people who love them. Scout learned from Calpurnia that if you can help someone, then you should. Jem learned from Miss Maudie that people in their right minds never take pride in their talents. Even though they learn it by going through different events, they both come to the conclusion that to change the world, you must first change what is around you. Works Cited Lee, Harper. To Kill a Mockingbird. New York: Grand Central Publishing, 1960. Print.

Distinctions Between International Law And Municipal Law

Distinctions Between International Law And Municipal Law George, the Chief Justice of Ruretania, has been invited to sit on the ICJ as an ad hoc judge in a case now before the Court. After many years dealing with domestic law issues, he is now experiencing some difficulty in assessing the material submitted to the Court by the parties. These materials include: a. An article in the American Journal of International Law written by an eminent jurist; b. Draft articles prepared by the International Law Commission; c. A decision of the Supreme Court of one of the parties to the dispute; d. A United Nations General Assembly Resolution; e. A Treaty to which only one of the parties to the dispute is a party; f. A statement by the foreign minister of one of the parties; and g. A previous decision of the ICJ. Draw up a detailed memorandum for George explaining the sources of modern international law and advising him in particular as to the weight he should attach to the above-mentioned materials as sources and evidence of international law, drawing upon doctrinal aspects, relevant court judgments and opinions of authors. Introduction One of the primary points of distinction between international law and municipal law may be drawn from the nature of their sources. International law has been described by authors as a decentralized system which arguably lacks a predefined and concrete structure which discriminates between potential sources as to their importance and value in the resolution of issues  [1]  . The international judge does not have reference to a constitution, codes of law or statutes as in the municipal scenario. This is due to the fact that in international law there is no compulsory jurisdiction and any rules which a state must abide to are the same rules which it has expressly consented to, either by way of its consistent practice in the formation of custom or else expressly in the formation of treaties. Technically speaking, such contractual arrangement usually creating mutual obligations by way of treaty are the only source of international which is by its very nature objectively binding upon states, a reflection of the pacta sunt servanda principle in domestic Civil Law. It is for this reason that the law of treaties has been held to be a primary principle for centuries. Custom, on the other hand is primarily a matter of evidence. Brownlie  [2]  speaks of a categorization between the formal and the material sources of law. The formal sources are the legal procedures and methods for the creation of rules of general application which are legally binding on the addressee such as international custom created by constant state practice and the law contained in treaties. The material sources, on the other hand, provide evidence of the existence of rules which, when proved, have the status of legally binding rules of general application, here one can include decisions of international courts or tribunals, resolutions of the General Assembly of the United Nations and possibly Doctrinal sources. Brownlie continues to argue that in reality, save the usefulness in academia, th e so-called elevation of formal sources do not really exist in international law  [3]  as this would create a hierarchy which is not actually present. The Statute of the ICJ  [4]  constitutes a generally accepted list of the sources of international law ascribed to by the court  [5]  : 38 (1)The Court, whose function is to decide in accordance with international law such disputes as are submitted to it, shall apply: a. international conventions, whether general or particular, establishing rules expressly recognized by the contesting states; b. international custom, as evidence of a general practice accepted as law; c. the general principles of law recognized by civilized nations; d. subject to the provisions of Article 59, judicial decisions and the teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations, as subsidiary means for the determination of rules of law. An article in the American Journal of International Law written by an eminent jurist In order to help the Chief Justice of Ruretania in the performance of the new role of ad hoc judge in a case before the International Court of Justice, we need to give guidance on how to assess and use the contents of an article published in the American Journal of International Law written by an eminent jurist, that was submitted by the parties as part of the materials to be used as part of the deliberations of the judges. Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice lists the traditional sources of International Law, which include the international conventions of a general or a particular nature that are recognised by the parties to the case, international custom that is evidenced by general use and acceptance at law, general principles of law as accepted by civilised nations and as subsidiary means to establish these rules of law, the judicial decisions and the teachings of the most highly qualified jurists of the various nations. At the time of drafting, the term convention was used to mean any sort of agreement, however with the passage of time this term was redefined to make a specific reference to multilateral treaties. Without any doubt these written, accepted and published agreements are the primary source of law-making at the international law level. The only situation where any other rule takes precedence over a treaty is where the rules forms part of the jus cogens doctrine. Jus cogens is a normative rule that is generally accepted by the majority of states and from which no other state can expect to be given a derogation. It is also argued that the international custom as evidence of a general practice that is accepted by law is of equal validity and importance to the contents of treaties as new customs may replace previously agreed treaties and new treaties replace older customs. Article 38(d) of the ICJ statute specifically states that judicial decisions and the teachings of the most highly qualified publicists of the various nations may be used as subsidiary sources and the court is entitled to refer to these publications. This is subject to the provisions of Article 59 of the same statute. Article 59 states that the decision of the International Court of Justice shall have no other bearing or binding force except on the parties of the case in question. However as part of the courts decision, reference to other judicial decisions and to previously published works of eminent writers may be made. The works of prominent jurists and scholars are accepted only as secondary or subsidiary sources of international law but can be considered to be an essential element in the development of the rules that are included treaties, custom and the general principles of the law. More recently, the acts or resolutions of the various international organizations are also being considered as secondary sources of international law. Draft articles prepared by the International Law Commission In 1946, the UN General Assembly passed a resolution to set up a committee of legal experts to pass on recommendations to the UN Secretary General on the ways the General Assembly could proceed in the development of codification of international law. This Commission recommended that the UN sets up a permanent Commission with the same task. Thus in 1947 the UN set up the International Law Commission which has as its objectives the codification of international law as well as solving international legal problems  [6]  . The International Law Commission prepares drafts, according to Section 20 of its Statute  [7]  , which are requested by the General Assembly or by government, by an inter-governmental organization or by a UN agency or on its own initiative. When the matter is brought to its attention by the General Assembly, one of its members sits with the Commission as a Special Rapporteur. In order to finalise a draft the Commission prepares a plan of work, receives written opinions and suggestions from the governments and then puts these together into a final draft. This final draft is submitted to the General Assembly for its final approval. B.G. Ramcharan  [8]  describes the International Law Commission as the vehicle for systematizing consolidating, up-dating, adapting, and expanding the law, and for giving an opportunity to the States [] to participate in this process. In The Work of the International Law Commission  [9]  any draft is given a dual aspect. On the one hand there is the codification of existing law as well as the formulation of what the Commission considered to be desirable developments in the field. How effective are draft articles for George? Although draft articles prepared by the International law Commission are a good indication of the general opinion on an issue in the international sphere (due to the opinions submitted by the States), these provisions are not binding. Therefore a provision in a Convention or a decision by the ICJ has more binding effect. In fact the 1952 draft convention on arbitral procedure, although it was described as unexceptionable and as perfect from a technical point of view, it still was not accepted as the basis of a convention as the members of the General Assembly saw it as over-ambitious  [10]  . Conventions concluded by the UN on the basis of drafts prepared by the ILC include the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International Organizations or between International Organizations, Vienna Convention on Succession of States in respect of State Property, Archives and Debts and others. Drawing a comparison between the draft articles of one of the above and the actual Convention, one can easily see that most of the draft articles are adopted into the Convention word by word. I have carried out this exercise for the first twenty articles of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. In this comparison I have found that the substance of the articles has to a large extent been carried on into the Convention. Moreover the General Assembly introduced four other articles but removed only one whole article and two sub-articles. From this exercise I can conclude that the draft articles, before the Convention was enforced, were a very good indication of the opinio juris on the matter especially due to the fact that states give their opinion prior to the drawing up of a draft. Therefore my advice to George would be that when he has to decide on a specific matter, first he should look into written legal provisions especially Conventions which have the most binding effect. If his findings are lacking he ought to see if the ILC has drawn up draft articles on the matter (since these are a codification of the unwritten customary law). Otherwise George has to look at the other sources of international law such as court decisions and the opinion of publicists on the matter as laid down in Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice. A decision of the Supreme Court of one of the parties to the dispute As the name indicates, the Supreme Court is the most important organ of the judiciary of the nation. However, within the international sphere, this position is taken up by the International Court of Justice. This does not reduce the importance of the Supreme Court, but its authority is merely superseded by a more senior court, which regulates conduct between states. Nevertheless, there is a theoretical issue which divides this are into two schools of thought: dualism and monism. Dualist doctrine points to essential differences between international law and municipal law. This consists primarily in the fact that local legislation differs from international law in a fundamental way as international law regulates law between sovereign states whilst municipal law applies solely within a state and regulates the relationship between the citizens of a state and its executive.  [11]  This theory was espoused particularly by the German jurist Heinrich Triepel, who argued that in case of conflict between municipal and international law, a court would apply municipal law.  [12]   On the other hand, monism was espoused by jurists who believed in the supremacy of international law even within the municipal sphere. International law is seen as the best available moderator of human affairs, and a logical condition of the legal existence of states.  [13]   However, these theories were criticized on the basis that they hold conflicting views with the way that international courts ought to behave. Nevertheless, a state cannot refrain from its international obligations citing municipal law, as provided in Article 27 of the Vienna Convention which states that A party may not invoke the provisions of its internal law as justification for its failure to perform a treaty.  [14]   Municipal law is also relevant in international law as has been demonstrated in numerous cases. In fact, many instances in international law require concordance with municipal law to function correctly, such as in cases related to extradition and protection of human rights, as well as treaties. Municipal law is important to such an extent that it can be used to determine cases in international tribunals. In the Serbian Loans Case  [15]  , the Permanent Court considered whether it had jurisdiction under its statute in a case where the point at issue was a question which had to be decided by the application of municipal law. It concluded that the duty of the Court was to exercise jurisdiction when two states agree to have recourse to the Court. The Court weighted the case and decided to apply Serbian law in this case. The role of municipal law in international law was closely examined in the case concerning Certain German Interests in Polish Upper Silesia.  [16]  In this case, the Court observed that it was not called upon to interpret Polish law, but there was nothing to prevent the Court from judging whether Poland was acting in conformity with the Geneva Convention. Brownlie states that this statement indicates that municipal law can be considered as something which can create international responsibility. The general proposition is that international tribunals can take account of municipal laws only as facts to further discussion.  [17]   Brownlie also states that in the practice of the International Court and other international tribunals the concept of municipal law as mere facts had six distinct aspects  [18]  . These aspects are: Municipal law may be evidence of a violation of a rule of treaty or a customary law Judicial notice does not apply to matters of municipal law, as the international tribunal will require proof of the existence of municipal law In accordance with the Serbian Loans case, interpretation of municipal law by national courts is binding on an international tribunal Municipal law must be applicable to an extent within international tribunals International tribunals cannot declare the invalidity of municipal law and respect domestic jurisdiction International law may designate a system of domestic law as the applicable law  [19]   Thus, given that in some cases international courts may apply municipal law, George must not discard totally the decisions of the Supreme Court, but must use it in order to help him with the case he is assigned to. Nevertheless, international law still supersedes municipal law, as provided in Article 27 of the Vienna Convention. The United Nations General Assembly Resolution Hon. Chief Justice, in order to understand better what is a United Nations General Assembly resolution, it would be ideal to start by providing you with a short and background information on the General Assembly itself. The United Nations General Assembly is one of the five principal organs  [20]  of the United Nations and the only one in which all member nations have equal representation. This means, that since there are 192 member states in the United Nations, each and one of them is a member of the General Assembly. Each member of the General Assembly has one vote and important matters such as the elections of members, peace and security, budgets, and the suspension/discharging of members, is done by a two-thirds majority of those present and voting. Other recommendations which are considered to contain less weight, are decided by a majority voting. As stated in the official website of the UN, the General Assembly meets under its president or secretary general in regular yearly sessions, the main part of which lasts from September to December and resumed part from January until all issues are addressed (which often is just before the next sessions start). It can also meet for special and emergency issues. The Presidency rotates annually and the President is voted for by the same members of the United Nations. It is customary that the largest and most powerful countries, such as China, do not hold the presidency. On the other hand, countries such as Luxemburg and Switzerland, although small, had the presidency in the 1970s. It is therefore important to point out that even Malta held the Presidency back in the 1990, when the general assembly elected Dr. Guido De Marco as president of its forty-fifth session. Although the power of the President is limited, he may accomplish much through his personal influence and political adeptness.  [21]   The UN General Assembly Resolution The General Assembly votes on many resolutions brought forward by member states. It is interesting to appreciate that since 1945, at least 9229 resolutions spanning a vast and varied range of international issues have been adopted by the General Assembly.  [22]   Whilst this record of the General assemblys formal concern, considerations and expression of views is indeed impressive, the fact remains that, except for budget and membership questions, General Assembly resolutions are not legally binding on member states.  [23]   The legal competence of the General Assembly to consider legal matters flows from the UN Charter. Article 10 gives the General Assembly the authority to discuss and make recommendations on any matter within the scope of the Charter, either to the United Nations membership generally or to the Security Council in particular.  [24]   In addition, the charter imposes two major restrictions on the General Assemblys powers to discuss and make recommendations. The first is embodied in the principle set out in Article 2, paragraph 7 of the charter, which prohibits the United Nations to intervene in matters which are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any state and the second restriction is found in Article 12 of the Charter, which states that the General Assembly shall not make any recommendation while the Security Council is exercising its functions in respect to any international dispute. However, although this might suggest that the General Assembly has no powers at all, resolutions have frequently been the origin of multilateral treaties drafted and promulgated under UN auspices.  [25]  General Assembly declarations had sometimes evolved into conventions adopted by the international community. Prominent among these declarations are those dealing with the use of forces back in the 1960s.  [26]   Hon. Chief Justice, it is therefore important for you to know that back in the 1970s Malta was also involved in a very important resolution, embedding principles related to the seabed and its resources. In fact, it was Arvid Pardo, a Maltese diplomat, who initiated a fifteen year process which led to a near-unanimous passage of General Assembly Resolution 2749  [27]  . The principles brought forward in the resolution were later incorporated in the Law of the Sea Convention. This eventually proves that although resolutions are not binding, they may influence the nature and substance of international law in many ways and may also have legal force if they are regarded as statements of customary international law. The General Assembly thus is not a World legislature. It does not codify laws or norms even though they are adopted unanimously and without any formal opposition. General Assembly resolutions are merely recommendations however the General Assembly can function as an instrument to collect and shape up into tangible form the international communitys customary norms. State practice then becomes the main factor determining whether General Assembly resolutions give rise to new norms of international law or remain merely recommendations. Such new norms subsequently are codified into recognized principles of International Law through the promulgation of special conventions adopted by the General Assembly and approved by the required number of parties. A Treaty to Which only one of the parties to the dispute is a party A treaty is an international agreement concluded between states in written form and governed by international law, whether embodied in a single instrument or in two or more related instruments and whatever its particular designation  [28]  . They are generally held to be an ever-increasingly important source of international law and are a key towards the ends of developing a system of peaceful cooperation amongst states irrespective of their domestic legal particularities  [29]  . Since 1945, over 33,000 treaties have been deposited with the UN  [30]  . In Art.38(1)(a), the Statute of the International Court of Justice makes reference to international conventions establishing rules which are expressly recognised by the contesting states which may either be general or particular in their application. This article gives a very wide definition which seems to include not only bilateral and multilateral treaties but also any form of international agreement in any form. It often happens that the language of a treaty which is presented before the court as a document containing rules recognised by the states in dispute is not always manifestly clear and precise as to make it clear whether such treaty is actually applicable to the circumstances of the case. The court will proceed to interpret the instrument, therefore determining its scope and effect and applicability to the dispute in question. According to Art.36(2)(a) of the Statute of the ICJ, states may at any time and by common accord, recognise as compulsory the jurisdiction of the court in the resolution of several legal disputes which might arise between them, amongst these, the Statute mentions the interpretation of a treaty. In any case, the Vienna convention lays down that treaties must always be interpreted in good faith and in accordance with the ordinary meaning of the words contained within, given their context within the treaty  [31]  . The norm in public international law is that a treaty creates rights and obligations only between its parties, therefore third party states are not bound by any treaty which they have not individually entered into. This notion is best expressed by the maxim pacta tertiis nec nocent nec prosunt  [32]  . Art.34 of the Vienna Convention states that a treaty does not create either obligations or rights for a third state without its consent. This reasoning had already been confirmed in the earlier case dealing with the German Interests in Polish Upper Silesia  [33]  back in 1925. In this case, the PCIJ stated that a treaty only creates law as between states which are parties to it; in case of doubt, no rights can be deduced from it in favour of third states. There are however some slight exceptions to this otherwise general principle. A norm which was originally confined to a treaty between a limited number of states may eventually become part of international custom through state practice and therefore achieve general application  [34]  . The position at international laws appears to be clear enough in regard to cases where obligations are imposed on states which are merely third parties two treaties entered into by other states. The situation may tend to differ in cases which concern the granting of rights to third parties. The question is over when, if at all, such a right becomes complete and enforceable by the third party state. According to Brownlie and McNair amongst others, the general rule is that the third state only benefits in this sense if it expressly or implicitly assent to the creation of the right.  [35]  The corollary is that the third state may refuse the right either explicitly or else simply by failing to exercise the alleged right. On the other hand, if a third state has accepted a right, the right cannot be revoked by the actual parties to the treaty if it can be established that the right conferred was not originally intended to be revocable, save the third states freedom to consent to such revocation or limitation  [36]  . Strictly speaking, in the case brought before Judge George the matter of there being a treaty to which only litigant (A) is a party does not have a bearing on the relationship between states A and B in litigation since B is clearly a third party to the treaty and is therefore outside the scope of any rights or obligations created or conferred by the treaty provided that B had not consented to any obligations created by the treaty or else accepted any rights arising from the same. A statement by the foreign minister of one of the parties Parliamentary statements are one of the modes to detect a state practice and the position a state takes in the international plane. The foreign minister on a number of occasions may be asked to elucidate the states position on a particular issue of an international concern, thus parliamentary statements, can evoke a particular state practice. A state practice is a general practice which is normally accepted as law. The other limb is that this state practice must be accepted as law and this is what we call opinio juris sive necessitatis. This opinio juris sive necessitatis is what authors refer to as the psychological element of states, this is because the state practice has to be accompanied by the intent which represent why the state acts in that particular manner. This means that parliamentary statements and therefore ministers statements in the international court of justice reflects and determine the state practice and what its position is. The Position of the Minister in the ICJ Another important thing that we must notice is that the International Court of Justice deems the position of foreign Ministers to be of a very important nature. This is illustrated in Belgium VS Congo delivered by the International Court of Justice on 14th Febuary 2002 where it implied that customary international law grants to foreign ministers as long as they hold their office the advantage of absolute jurisdiction and inviolability. The reason behind this is for the international court of justice to ascertain performance of the very importatnt functions that foreign ministers excercise when they represent their states. This clearly points out that the international court of justice gives a lot of importance to the position of the foreign minister in the international court of justice but the question that arises is Does it give the same importance to their statements? One must begin by saying that for a statement of foreign minister to be accepted and taken into consideration it must be in accordance with international law. In fact a point that was revealed in Military and Paramilitary Activi

Alice Kyteler Sorcery Trial Essays -- Witchcraft European History Essa

Alice Kyteler Sorcery Trial The sorcery trial of Alice Kyteler was an important aspect and a contributing factor of the European With-Hunt. The trial helped to set a precedent and a point of reference for later witch-hunts and later trials. The trial of Alice Kyteler helped make the link between heresy and witchcraft, helped in making witchcraft a crime punishable under heretical laws, helped define what the acts of witchcraft are, and allowed for the authority of the church in matters of witchcraft, such as torture, to be defined. Heresy and witchcraft are interrelated and in some cases, one in the same. The charge of sorcery and witchcraft against Alice Kyteler helped to solidify the correlation drawn between magic and heresy. The sorcery trials that where held in Ireland where centered around the idea that the magic that was being performed somehow made the practitioners heretics. William Outlaw was accused of, â€Å"aiding, abetting and harboring heretics†¦usury, perjury, adultery, murder of clergy, and excommunications, to the total of thirty-four separate counts.†1 William Outlaw, son of Alice Kyteler, had the charges of heresy and helping those who where heretics combined to include other charges that fell under witchcraft. Outlaw was accused of helping heretics, who where also being charged with heresy, and using sorcery for the use of evil. In Nicholas Eymeric’s, written fifty years after the Kyteler trial, lists that â€Å"†¦some others, however, are magicians and di viners who are not pure chiromantics, but are contracted to heretics, as are those who show the honor of latria or dulia to the demons.† Eymeric also wrote that, â€Å"These people,† referring to the magicians, â€Å"are guilty of manifest heresy.†2 This s... ... Alan Kors and Edward Peters (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1972), 85. 3. Brian Levack, The Witch-Hunt in Early Modern Europe (London: Longman Group, 1995), 37. 4. Davidson, 26-27. 5. William Cardinal of Santa Sabina, â€Å"Magic and the Inquisition,† in Witchcraft in Europe 1100-1700, Alan Kors and Edward Peters (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1972), 81. 6. Davidson, 28 & 30. 7. Davidson, 82. 8. Heinrich Kramer and Jacob Spenger, â€Å"The Malleus Maleficarum,† in Witchcraft in Europe 1100-1700, Alan Kors and Edward Peters (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1972), 130. 9. Davidson, 28. 10. Heinrich Kramer and Jacob Spenger, â€Å"The Malleus Maleficarum,† in Witchcraft in Europe 1100-1700, Alan Kors and Edward Peters (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1972), 132. 11. Davidson, 62. 12. Levack, 77.

Conscription in WW1 Essay

Were Australians against the introduction of conscription during WW1?As the war was happening people back home in Australia were starting to realise that the war was not as much about bravery and pride as they originally thought because very few men were returning, but the government needed young healthy men because of the amount of men on the front line dying and they needed to be replaced. Australian men werent volunteering so in November 1917 prime minister, Billy Hughes wanted to introduce conscription to Australia and ask the people are you in favour of the proposal of the commonwealth government for reinstating the Australian imperial forces overseas? Conscription was like the lottery, you would be randomly chosen to go to war because of the day that you were born. Australians were given the opportunity to vote for or against conscription and campaigns were made to support each point of view. Two referendums were held, the first on the 28th of October 1916 and the second on the 10th of December 1917, both referendums were lost, the second showed 1181747 votes against and 1015159 votes for conscription. Two referendums were held because men kept dying on the front line and the government were getting desperate. Both referendums ended with majority no votes, the first with 72446 votes against and the second with 1181747 votes against. Women were the main target for pro and anti conscription campaigns because they were seen as weak fragile and sensitive. Propaganda was largely aimed at women to intimidate women and target their emotions, either to make them feel like they were sending their husbands and sons to die or that it was their duty to send them to fight for their country. It was a hard decision deciding whether or not to vote for conscription. Some people thought they should vote yes because of pride and defending and protecting their country and coming back as a war hero and also because of loyalty to Britain because they were still part of their empire, voting yes or no also targeted Christian women because killing is a serious sin. Songs and posters were made to persuade Australia to vote yes or no. People were told that if you vote yes it is your fault they die but also that if you vote yes the country wont be taken over and that you could save Australia  from the enemy. A white feather was sent to the people who voted no to represent and parade that they are cowards and to embarrass them publicly. Conscription broke people apart and divided the country, it destroyed friendships and families because there is either yes or no and no in between. The way you voted reflected your character and the way you were thought of. Anti conscription appealed to woman and made them feel like killers but pro conscription also appealed to women making them feel like they were sacrificing men for the good of the country. Conscription divided Australia and turned their worlds upside down. People didnt want to be forced to go to war or force someone to go to war because they realised how bad it was. Australians voted no because they wanted freedom of choice and not to be conscripted as if it was just a game. bibliography:-shannon mckinnon ww1- class sheets

DH Lawrence’s The Rocking Horse Winner Essay

Tormented family relationships stem from a number of occurrences. Jealousy, death, abuse, and many other factors can stress relationships to the point of demise. They can often originate from an individual’s character and personality, or further affect it. Much of Lawrence’s writing contains the common theme of tormented family relationships. This theme can be seen in the short story The Rocking-Horse Winner through: â€Å"the terrible mother† Hester, â€Å"the anti-wise man† Oscar Cresswell, and â€Å"the sacrificial scapegoat† Paul. Hester is portrayed as cold and shallow, accurately demonstrating the terrible mother archetype. Thus, she is a perfect example of the theme of tormented family relationships, present in the short story The Rocking-Horse Winner. When the authour describes what, â€Å"Everyone else said of her: ‘She is such a good mother. She adores her children.’ Only she knew herself and her children themselves this was not so† (Lawrence 19). Hester’s character is simply more concerned with wealth and her social image than her own children. She is very corrupted by society, and what society thinks of her. As a result of this, she neglects her children, and pays little attention to their needs. Hester proves to fit the terrible mother archetype, and this shows the present theme of tormented family relationships. Also, Hester’s brother, Oscar Cresswell, advances the theme of tormented relationships by portraying the â€Å"anti-old man† archetype. It is evident that jealousy and family issues are present based on Oscar’s relationships with both his nephew Paul, and his sister Hester. The authour explains, â€Å"The Uncle was delighted to find that his small nephew was posted with all the racing news† (Lawrence 22). Oscar inherited the family fortune, as Hester was left with her husband to depend on. Oscar does make an effort to help Hester’s financial situation, although he is also very concerned with wealth and social status, neglecting to realize the near trouble Paul is faced with. Oscar uses his nephew, by exploiting Paul’s â€Å"gift† for his own personal wealth, while Hester is struggling to meet her own desires. Oscar is portrayed as the opposite of a saviour, and more as a selfish man. This character archetype further proves the theme of tormented family relationships in the story. As well, Paul, Hester’s son and Oscar’s nephew, is the young protagonist, who is searching for â€Å"luck†, but proves to be the â€Å"sacrificial scapegoat†, further proving the present theme. Neglected by his own mother, Paul is desperately trying to get her approval and her love. This is shown in the short story when Paul asks, â€Å"Do you think I’m lucky mother? I knew Malabar, didn’t I? Over eighty thousand pounds! I call that lucky, don’t you mother† (Lawrence 33)? Even on Paul’s deathbed, he is desperately scrambling to finally get his mother’s approval. His luck ran out, and his quest as a hero was not fulfilled. Paul simply wanted to be enough for his mother. To finally prove himself, and win her love. His character can be classified as the â€Å"sacrificial scapegoat† archetype. Paul’s desperate attempt for his mother’s love proves the theme of tormented family relationships present in this story. Through the character archetypes of Hester, Paul, and Oscar Cresswell, the theme of tormented family relationships is proved to be shown in many aspects of the short story The Rocking-Horse Winner. Hester’s lack of care and compassion towards her children, Oscar’s greed, and Paul’s desperate attempt to prove himself to his mother, are only a few examples of this clear theme. This theme is not only present in the story, but in the lives of many. These tormented family relationships are often looked over, rather than interpreted as a part of an individual’s personality.

RSO Marketing Proposal

Executive Director Marketing Professor Executive Summary The Rockford Symphony Orchestra is one of the leading cultural institutions n northern Illinois, performing over sixteen classical and pop concerts annually. The RSI was founded in 1934 and incorporated in 1943. The ROOK'S first MusiC Director and Manager, A Arthur Sack, led the orchestra for twenty's years. During this time, the Rockford Area Youth h Symphony Orchestra and the Rockford Symphony Orchestra Guild were established.The RSI continues its commitment to fulfilling its mission to lead in the creation of vibrant musical e experiences that the enlighten, educate, and entertain. (History, n. D. ) The RSI is celebrating its 80 anniversary and wants to reinforce the longevity of the organization by introducing their rich R oxford history into various music and performances for the 20142015 season and beyond. The RSI is also looking to create a closer tie to the Rockford community. The organizations' 80th anniversary needs t o be leveraged in order to increase ova rural ticket sales.The long and harsh winter of 20132014 was a major challenge the RSI faced making it difficult to reach their revenue goals. Ticket sales were 50% lower than their budgeted goal as a result. A brief evaluation of the Rook's strengths and weaknesses has served as a off notation the towards the strategic analysis and a marketing plan for this 80 anniversary celebration and the future of the organization. The plan is to focus on bringing more awareness t o the community, the creating various ways to promote the 80 anniversary this season and increase overall ticket sales.

Describe how a project manager might achieve effective project Essay - 1

Describe how a project manager might achieve effective project management Refer to project team issues considered in the lecture notes - Essay Example triple constraint† – project scope, time and cost – are a paramount consideration, and are shown as antecedents in the framework in our lecture, reproduced below: The focus of discussion is on the project manager, and what attributes he should possess to be able to effectively manage a project, and by such attributes is meant his (1) knowledge, (2) skills, and (3) attitudes with which he addresses his job. Almost instinctively, the first requirement would be for the project manager to possess the technical knowledge of the processes required in the project, such as construction, IT, engineering, and so forth. Technical competence is plainly and simply a necessary requisite, a product of the PM’s education and training. Some such specialized knowledge are obtainable through courses and seminars, such as those described by Dadashzadeh (2010) as Work Breakdown Structure, Gantt charts, and Earned Value Analysis. Pacelli (2010), in describing the attributes of an effective project manager, states that the PM should have the ability to clearly articulate a project workplan, its dependencies, and the resulting deliverables, which could only b e attained by an elevated level of technical competence. Possessing competence, the PM should possess the skills needed to perform the tasks of project management. This refers to the ability to systematically plan, schedule, calculate costs, and communicate verbally and graphically, not discounting the use of automated (computerized) means where needed. While knowledge implies cognitive appreciation, skill refers to the ability to practice this knowledge with some degree of expertise. Additionally, the best and brightest technical talent need to develop an entirely new skill set to become effective project managers, according to Hitachi Consulting. The recent proliferation of project management toolkits and certifications still leave a skill gap that may be breached only by a focus on proper project management

Exercise 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Exercise 2 - Assignment Example What would be the incremental effect on the companys overall profit of reworking and selling the material rather than selling it as is as scrap? Question 11: A study has been conducted to determine if Product A should be dropped. Sales of the product total $200,000 per year; variable expenses total $140,000 per year. Fixed expenses charged to the product total $90,000 per year. The company estimates that $40,000 of these fixed expenses will continue even if the product is dropped. These data indicate that if Product A is dropped, the companys overall net operating income would: Question 12: The Kelsh Company has two divisions--North and South. The divisions had the above revenues and expenses. Management at Kelsh is pondering the elimination of North Division. If North Division were eliminated, its traceable fixed expenses could be avoided. The total common corporate expenses would be unaffected. Given these data, the elimination of North Division would result in an overall company net operating income of: Question 14: The management of Heider Corporation is considering dropping product J14V. Data from the companys accounting system appears above. In the companys accounting system all fixed expenses of the company are fully allocated to products. Further investigation has revealed that $211,000 of the fixed manufacturing expenses and $172,000 of the fixed selling and administrative expenses are avoidable if product J14V is discontinued. What would be the effect on the companys overall net operating income if product J14V were dropped? Peluso Company, a manufacturer of snowmobiles, is operating at 70% of plant capacity. Pelusos plant manager is considering making the headlights now being purchased from an outside supplier for $11 each. The Peluso plant has idle equipment that could be used to manufacture the headlights. The design engineer estimates that each headlight requires $4 of direct materials, $3

Modern Sculpture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Modern Sculpture - Essay Example These two notions are really very important for those who are going to comprehend the idea of art and the message of its authors. That is why space and time cannot be separated when one is going to analyze sculpture. The author of Passages in Modern Sculpture gives the analysis of several celebrated sculptures to demonstrate the development of art. It is also possible to find the information about the characteristics of neoclassical sculpture. Wanting to transcend the partial information that any single aspect or figure can convey, the neoclassical sculptor devises strategies to present the human body through multiple views. As for classicism, here the transcendence of the single point of view was often explicitly dealt with by using figures in pairs and threes. So, the writing contains many details about the history and peculiarities of art. It explains the difference between various centuries in art. For instance, throughout the nineteenth century, sculptors continually tried to provide the viewer about the information of unseen sides of all objects imbedded within the relief ground. The text is very useful for those whose study art. However, it would be better if the writer demonstrated the c onnection between modern sculptures and the ones from the

Organisational Behaviour in Action Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Organisational Behaviour in Action - Essay Example Similarly Mill, Bentham and Locke tried to include the principles of pleasure, pain and hedonism in describing human motivation but could not distinguish what factors accounted for differences in individual motivation. It was Douglas McGregor who pointed out that in order to achieve organizational objectives, it was better to treat workers with respect and compassion (McGregor, 1960, 12). One’s morale can suffer on account of undue pressures at work, bad supervision or the state of the economy when others are being laid off. In this paper we will try to discover how to keep the employees motivated and happy despite the dismal conditions all around them. Using Equity Theory to Motivate Employees at Bain & Company Psychologists and social scientists have developed various theories to explain how to motivate employees towards greater productivity and satisfaction in the workplace. Among these are Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs theory, Herzberg’s Two Factor or Hygiene t heory, Vroom’s Expectancy theory, J. Stacy Adams’ Equity theory and so forth. In the case cited, we have the example of Bain and Company, where the worldwide Managing Director Steve Ellis is still not afraid to hire new employees in hot growth areas despite the recessionary trends in the economy as of 2009. He has managed to placate and address employee fears of being fired by reducing their goals to achievable levels looking at the state of the economy. He is also raised the rewards for lower level and temporary employees, so that they remain motivated and happy to have a job despite the economic slowdown. The equity theory states that there should be a balance between the output or productivity of an employee on the job and the rewards given to them. If the rewards given are perceived to be less than equal, the employee becomes dissatisfied and his productivity will drop in the near future. If the rewards given to an employee are perceived to be matching the level of his efforts at work, he will be suitably satisfied and his productivity will remain at the same level in the near future. The theory also states that if we want to increase an employee’s productivity, we should reward him a little bit more than he expects for his efforts. The employee will thus be pleasantly surprised and will definitely be motivated to work harder considering the faith that management has put into him. This is what Bain and Company is trying to do with the lower level employees by reducing goals and giving more rewards at lower levels of achievement across the organization. It is also seen that when employees are made to work harder and longer hours without a commensurate rewards program, ultimately they will leave the organization when things get better in the economy. Perhaps this is the very thing that Bain and Company wants to avoid. So by rewarding employees in this fashion, staff is not only happy to come to work every day but also learn not to worry like their counterparts in other organizations who are living in fear and despair. They can produce without undue worry about tomorrow. Using Expectancy Theory to Explain Motivation in Bain & Company The case cited also mentions that Bain and Company is hiring employees in hot growth areas. Steve Ellis thinks that a downturn is the best time to hire some outstanding employees away from the competition because of economic uncertainty and layoffs adding to the fear

Inks lake Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Inks lake - Research Paper Example Devils washtub is located in Inks Lake National park. This is a state park found in United states of America, Burnet County, Texas. The landscape of the park is hilly with many cedar, live oak, cacti and Yuccas. The ground of the park is rocky, mainly consisting of Gneiss rock. The park has a natural forest known as Ghost Forest. The Devils washtub / waterhole is a small extension of the Inks Lake National Park, which is almost completely surrounded by rocks. Tourists visiting the area conduct canoe tour within the Devils Waterhole. Diving and swimming is also done but without a lifeguard, at personal risk. The park also acts as a habitant for wildlife such as quail, deer, vultures and other many varieties of birds.The rocks within the Devils washtub are dated 1,232 million years old. The field trip was carried out to investigate the to investigate the geology of the area. The main type of rocks found within the area was Gneiss, quartzite, granite and amphibole/amphibolite.The most Common rock within the Devilstub - Gneiss is a laminated metamorphic rock similar to granite. It is a course grained metamorphic rock formed sedimentary rocks through regional metamorphism. The field research showed that these rocks contained a wide range of minerals, such as feldspars, quartz, mica minerals, aluminous and ferromagnesian silicates. The gneiss rocks were also found to contain some amounts of iron, nickel , silicon and cobalt. The granite rock among feld spar, quartz and mica also contained diamond and chalk.Some parts within the Devils water-mouth also contained the amphibolite rock. These kind of rock were found to contain some amounts of feldspar with little amounts of quartz. The trip study also showed that these rocks had severally undergone metamorphism,a change in the structure of rock by natural agencies such as pressure, heat or introduction of new chemical substances. For instance, the high temperature conditions,and pressure beneath

Maguindanao Massacre Essay Example for Free

Maguindanao Massacre Essay Stories and worldwide condemnation of the Maguindanao massacre still grapple the Filipino people in disbelief. Focusing on the victims that include lawyers and journalists in the company of scions of a political clan, the manner of mass execution was the most gruesome, so animalistic, and the most barbaric act of the new century. Fifty-seven of them, men, women, and children were killed and decapitated; bodies were mangled and riddled with bullets. This satanic act was allegedly masterminded by the incumbent mayor of the place, who is said to have been able to command and give orders as he pleases even to the extent of a massacre. The idea of good governance, rule of law of human rights and democracy has hardly been heard in existence in this far-flung poor province in Mindanao. Politicians are motivated to run for public office to absolutely control and influence the civilians and the police. The existing system is heavily politicized making the police underdogs of the politicians. Thus, anybody who wants to seek justice feels the absence of any protection mechanism. Government tried to calm the situation by asking the allegedly mass murderer to surrender; but will his victims get justice? Praying for justice to prevail in this country, Lasallians were called to express indignation to this assault to humanity. Students wore black ribbons on their chest to sympathize with the victims and their loved ones, and to shout and rage against the inhuman act. They lit candles and prayed for peace, and were in one in expressing the gloom and grief the whole country has experienced. We call on the wheels of justice to move swiftly without deception of wealth and power. Otherwise, record of inhumanity of the sadistic, brutal, and cruel Maguindanao massacre may be enhanced when the Government still fails to mete out the punishment for the perpetrators.

Wat waren de belangrijkste atoomprojecten

Wat waren de belangrijkste atoomprojecten Het Manhattan Project Op 2 augustus 1939 schreef Albert Einstein een brief aan de Amerikaanse president Franklin Delano Roosevelt, wat de aanzet zou hebben gegeven voor het Manhattan Project. In deze brief meldde Einstein dat de Duitsers bezig waren een atoombom te ontwikkelen. Amerika besloot om ook een atoombom te ontwikkelen en er alles aan te doen om de Duitsers voor te blijven in de ontwikkeling. Het Manhattan Project is een codenaam voor een geheime operatie tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog. Dit project heeft geleid tot de ontwikkeling van de eerste atoombom. Het project werd geleid door de Verenigde Staten in samenwerking met Canada en het Verenigd Koninkrijk. Formeel werd het project aangewezen als het Manhattan Engineering District (MED). Dit verwijst specifiek naar de periode van 1941 tot 1946 toen het onder controle stond van het US Army Corps of Engineers met als leider generaal Leslie R. Groves. De onderzoeken stonden onder leiding van de joods-Amerikaanse natuurkundige J. Robert Oppenheimer. Hij werd dan ook wel gezien als ‘De vader van de atoombom. Dit project was begonnen vanwege de angst die wetenschappers hadden sinds nazi-Duitsland in de jaren 30 een onderzoek was begonnen naar nucleaire wapens. Het Manhattan Project is tot stand gekomen uit een klein onderzoeksprogramma in 1939. Het groeide uit tot een groot project met meer dan 130.000 werknemers en het kostte uiteindelijk bijna 2 miljard dollar, wat voor die tijd heel veel was. Het resulteerde in verschillende onderzoeken en productieplaatsen met geheime onderzoeksmethoden. De onderzoeken vonden plaats op meer dan dertig locaties in de Verenigde Staten, Canada en het Verenigd Koninkrijk. De drie belangrijkste onderzoek- en productieplaatsen van het project waren de plutonium productie faciliteit wat nu Hanford (Washington) heet, de uraniumverrijking faciliteiten bij Oak Ridge (Tennessee), en het wapen onderzoek en ontwerp laboratorium wat nu bekend is als Los Alamos National Laboratory (New Mexico). Op 16 juli 1945 vond de eerste atoomproef plaats, deze werd tot ontploffing gebracht op een stalen toren bij de luchtbasis Alamangordo in New Mexico. Het had een enorme kracht en de hitte was zo verschroeiend dat de toren helemaal verdween en het woestijnzand in een straal van 700 meter in glas veranderde. Voor de proef wist niemand of de bom zou werken, maar het was zeker succesvol. Uranverein Het Duitse nucleaire project in nazi-Duitsland, bekend als het Uranverein (uranium club), begon in april 1939. Dit was slechts een paar maanden na de ontdekking van kernsplijting in januari 1939. Het programma heeft tot de volgende uitvindingen geleidt: de Uranmaschine (nucleaire reactor), uranium en het scheiden van uraniumisotopen. Het hoogtepunt was het moment dat ze erachter kwamen dat met kernsplitsing de oorlog niet beà «indigt zou worden. In januari 1942 droeg het leger het project over aan het Reich Research Council, maar ze bleven er wel mee verbonden door het te financieren. Vanaf dit moment is het project opgesplitst in 9 grote instituten waar de leiders van die instituten hun eigen doelstellingen nastreefden. Ook nam het aantal wetenschappers dat werkte aan dit project enorm af. De meest invloedrijke mensen binnen het Uranverein waren Kurt Diebner, Abraham Esau, Walther Gerlach en Erich Schumann. Schumann was een van de meest krachtige en invloedrijke fysici in Duitsland. Diebner werkte al zijn hele leven aan het nucleaire energie project en had er veel controle over. Abraham Esau werd aangesteld als leider van het kernfysica onderzoek in plaats van Hermann Gà ¶ring in december 1942; Walther Gerlach volgde hem in december 1943 weer op. Door het aanscherpen van de regels van de Duitse academische wereld onder het nationaalsocialistische regime, vertrokken vele natuurkundigen en wiskundigen uit Duitsland in 1933. De Joden die het land nog niet hadden verlaten werden hierna snel verwijderd uit Duitse instellingen, dus ook uit de academische wereld. Aan het einde van de oorlog, streden de geallieerden om de overgebleven onderdelen van de nucleaire industrie (personeel, faciliteiten en materiaal). Het Sovjetproject De Sovjet-Unie begon interesse te krijgen in nucleaire fysica in de vroege jaren 30, een tijdperk waarin een aantal belangrijke nucleaire ontdekkingen en resultaten werden gedaan, namelijk de identificatie van het neutron en proton als fundamentele deeltjes en de eerste atoomsplitsing door John Cockcroft en Ernest Walton. Het Sovjetproject voor de ontwikkeling van een atoombom werd gestart nadat Jozeph Stalin gehoord had van de Amerikaanse inspanningen om een atoombom te ontwikkelen. Hij werd door Georgii Flerov geÃÆ' ¯nformeerd in april 1942. Het was erg verdacht dat er niets werd gepubliceerd in het nieuws en dus drong Flerov Stalin aan om een atoomproject te beginnen. Omdat de Sovjet-Unie nog steeds betrokken was bij de oorlog met Duitsland op het thuisfront, was een project op grote schaal nog niet mogelijk. Toch was het noodzakelijk een atoomproject te beginnen om teveel achterstand te voorkomen. De leider van het project was in eerste instantie minister van Buitenlandse Zaken Vjatsjeslav Molotov, maar hij werd in 1944 vervangen door Lavrentii Beria. De wetenschappelijk leider van het project was de kernfysicus Igor Kurchatov. Andere belangrijke personen waren Yuli Chariton, Yakov Zeldovich en de theoretisch ontwerper van de waterstofbom, Andrei Sacharov. Het Sovjet atoom project profiteert van de zeer succesvolle spionage inspanningen van de Sovjet militaire inlichtingendienst (GRU) en de buitenlandse geheime inlichtingendienst NKVD. Bewijs dat afkomstig was van het Verenigd Koninkrijk had een rol gespeeld in de beslissing van de Sovjet staat in september 1942, om de resolutie 2352 goed te keuren. Dit was het begin van het Sovjet atoom project. Door de bronnen die men had in het Manhattan project, onder wie Klaus Fuchs, kreeg de Sovjet inlichtingendienst belangrijke informatie over de voortgang van de Amerikaanse atoombom. De rapporten werden getoond aan de wetenschappelijk leider van het project, Kurchatov, wat een belangrijke invloed had op zijn eigen onderzoek. Een voorbeeld hiervan is dat de Amerikanen de mogelijkheid hadden om plutonium te gebruiken in plaats van uranium in een kernsplijtingwapen. Op deze manier leerde Kurchatov veel van het Manhattan project. De Sovjet-Unie testte zijn eerste kernwapen in augustus 1949. De RDS-1 (Russisch: -1) (ook bekend als de eerste Lightning) werd voor het eerst nucleaire de Sovjet-Unie het wapen te testen. In het westen, was het code-Joe-1 genoemd, een verwijzing naar Stalin. Het was test-ontplofte op 29 augustus 1949 om Semipalatinsk, Kazachse SSR, na een top-secret R D project. [1] Het wapen werd ontworpen in het Kurchatov Instituut-op het moment dat officieel bekend staat als â€Å"Laboratorium 2,† maar aangewezen als het â€Å"kantoor† of â€Å"basis† in interne documenten-te beginnen in april 1946. Een uranium-235 werd gebouwd in de buurt van Chelyabinsk in 1948 [1]. De RDS-1 explosie leverde 22 kiloton TNT, vergelijkbaar met de Amerikaanse Gadget en Fat Man bommen. Op aandringen van Lavrenti Beria, werd de RDS-1 bom is ontworpen na de Fat Man bom op Nagasaki, Japan. De Russen noemden het eerste Lightning (Pervaya Molniya). Om de effecten van het nieuwe wapen, de werknemers gebouwde huizen gemaakt van hout en baksteen, samen met een brug en een gesimuleerde metro in de buurt van de test site te testen. Armor hardware en ongeveer 50 vliegtuigen werden ook aan de proeftuinen, evenals meer dan 1.500 dieren van de bom effecten op het leven te testen. [1] De resulterende gegevens bleek dat de RDS-explosie tot 50% meer destructief dan oorspronkelijk geraamd door de ingenieurs [1]. Er zijn verschillende verklaringen voor de USSR code-naam van het RDS-1, meestal een willekeurige aanduiding: een backronym â€Å"Special Jet Engine† (Reaktivnyi Dvigatel Specialnyi), of â€Å"Stalins Jet Engine† (Reaktivnyi Dvigatel Stalina), of â€Å"Rusland doet het zelf† (Rossija Delayet Sama). [1] Later werden ook wapens aangewezen RDS, maar met verschillende modelnummers. Reactie in het Westen Wanneer de radioactieve splijtingsproducten uit de test werden gedetecteerd door de US Air Force, de VS begon op het spoor van de nucleaire fallout puin te volgen. [2] President Truman kennis in de wereld van de situatie op 23 september 1949: â€Å"We hebben bewijzen dat binnen de afgelopen weken een atomaire explosie deed zich voor in de Sovjet-Unie †[3] Deze verklaring was een keerpunt in de Koude Oorlog, die net was begonnen. De Groene Run werd een geheime test uitgevoerd om de luchtmacht verkenningsvluchten voor toekomstige detecties van de Sovjet-kernproeven te helpen. [4] Nadat de Sovjet-Unie werd bevestigd in het bezit van de atoombom, de druk gemonteerd op de ontwikkeling en productie van de eerste waterstofbom