Ethnographic Study of the Informal Sector

Ethnographic Study of the Informal SectorINTRODUCTIONThe folksy field will be understood by dint of an exercise of selling of wall composing clips as thoroughf be vendors for a period of s eve daylights. Paper clips argon a stationery item used for binding papers in concert and atomic number 18 used by students, offices, lawyers, and g all overnment officials amongst others. However today, the availability of substitutes kindred staplers (a creation of technology) has challenged the utility of the commodity. The informal sector is that part of the economy which is non taxed, monitored by any form of government or included in any gross national product (GNP), un alike(p) the formal economy. In 1997-98, the informal economy generated nearly 76% of employment and nearly 46% of the income in Mumbai. Despite their physical existence and the millions involved in it, for slide survival, their official invisibility makes them ineligible for near statutorily ordained benefits and bearances. preparative STAGEA pre-gross tax revenue use was conducted to escort the potential target group. The interactions revealed that most consumers dont have a requirement for this product, as staplers be a more(prenominal) reliable paper binding solution. The pre- sales research revealed that paper clips are exchange in quantities of 100 clips a box. Based on the findings, a sales seat was developed w presentin the the great unwashed of 100 clips would be resold 10-12 clips in plastic pouches. This would allow commonwealth to purchase small quantities and too convenient selling.The directionl adopt is equivalent to wholesaler-retailer supply chain model wherein the retailer makes bulk purchases from a wholesaler and sells smaller quantities to the customer. A similar model is used by path vendors who buy in bulk and retail smaller quantities. A cost-plus pricing strategy was adopted and a profit margin of 200-300% was agreed upon, which would be reduced thro ugh the course of the exercise until enough ceiling was accumulated. In addition to repacking, a packaging strategy was adopted. push lock plastics would be used to portion the paper clips, thereby adding value to the commodity.Purchases of both the paper and the packaging physical were do from the wholesale market in Abdul Rahman Street, Crawford Market where stationery is dealt with in wholesale quantities. Due to capital constraints, declivity could non be purchased in bulk, limiting our bargaining power. It was decided that any profits incurred on the graduation day, would be ploughed-back to maintain a better inventory status. holes selected for selling activity consisted of areas frequented by office goers, students and children. The objective set for the selling exercise was to scotch cost and make profits by adopting a sales maximation approach through the use of strategies like customization, expense discrimination, bundling, advertising, and market segmentation . executing STAGEDue to dearth of capital on the initiatory day of our study, a sufficient stock of paper clips was purchased solely did not allow for purchase of packaging materials. Waste packaging materials from the channels of Crawford Market was used as a substitute for the zip lock pouches. A huge profit margin was targeted on the first day that would generate capital to bloodline better quality packaging for the remaining days.The entire experience over the 7-day period is illustrated in the table below (refer Appendix I).DayLocationRationale for LocationExperienceDay 1Fort, immaterial Bombay spicy flirtPotential Buyers lawyers and office goers.Problem arose because people returning dwelling house from work and lunch did not stop to indulgePrices were very towering so sales were slow.Selling on the wrong side of the channel and changed position to target people going towards the station.Day 2HR, Jai hind(prenominal) and KCCollege.Potential Buyers Students, who have utility for stationery, especially females using customization and improve packaging material.Customization and product bundling proved to be very effective.-The obscure and fancy paper clips were sold divulge, despite higher bellZip locks used resulted in quick salesRight time for sales (1pm onwards) when most students were done with their lectures.Day 3Street Vendor Fair, Outside St. Michaels Church, MahimTo study the variation in the sales of the commodity on a normal day in comparison to special doRelatively easier to sell during a fair or during special makePeople are more willing to buy when exposed to triplex commodities within a given space.Day 4 naval drawTo understand variation sales in a tourist and inexpert spotThe expense was lowered as a larger stock was procured due to profits from the previous dayConcentrated on sales promotion strategies by giving off free units to girls who purchased packetsStrategy was made (word-of-mouth marketing played a significant role)Day 5Trains, interchange Line CST to Dadar (Return)To understand the variation sales in a mode of transportThe female partner made large sales in the ladies compartment of the while the other partner was unsuccessful in the general.Women are more approachable on trains which can be attributed to the large number of sellers in the womens compartments on trainsBuying behavior exhibited by women is primarily an event of novelty value of the products existence soldDay 6Marine Lines StationTo sell amongst other avenue vendors and understand the dynamics of course vending.Holding up a banner to advertise the product did not work in the informal sectorOther experienced vendors came and interacted with us, passed comments and in like manner ridiculed us. They crusaded away after they didnt see a brat to their businessfundamental interaction with vendors On asking about the hafta to be paid, they refused to chat to and turned away An unsuccessful sale as it was a Saturday.Inte raction with authorities A BMC truck came to evict the vendors, confiscating their supplies, politely asked us to moveDay 7Republic Day Parade, Marine DriveTo understand how national holidays have an impact on sales in the informal sectorStood beside a flag vendor considering people might take clips to put on the flags.No sales took engineer as people were engaged in watching the ParadeEVALUATION STAGEpossibility versus realityOn engaging with the market on a first hand basis, we came across the following economic concepts while studying unhomogeneous sales strategies to maximize our sales in order to keep earning a profit. -Monopoly firm Since we were the only sellers of this product on the streets, we had the liberty to use bell discrimination a abundant with product distinctiation. We gauged our targets and according to their outlooks and then decided the price to charge them.Price discrimination-the same products were sold at diametric prices in diffe engross spaces to di fferent consumers. First horizontal surface and third degree price discrimination was adopted. Under this the firm charged different prices to different set of consumers. For example while selling in the High Court premises we sold the small quantity at Rs. 20 a packet to lawyers while we sold the packet to women in trains at Rs.5. In the former case, the entire consumer surplus was converted into the firms revenue and profits. The concept of third degree price discrimination was used here where groups having inelastic get hold of (lawyers/office goers) were charged a higher price compared to the women in trains who had elastic demand for whom the price was comparatively lower. The theory of price discrimination did not work for us as instead of compete with consumer surplus to make profits, we ended up entirely covering costs per day, neither did it minimize our costs nor did it increase output. Moreover the experiment of just 7 days was too short to judge this concept. However , the law of demand was justified wherein there is more demand when there is reduction in price. The elasticity was 1.0195 which is relatively elastic. However, from the interaction in the market we put out that it is inconsequential and hence, nullified. (Refer Appendix II)Product Bundling The firm offered several products for sale as one combined product. It is a common feature in many imperfectly competitive product markets. The firm used the proficiency of bundling to create more demand and capture the market. For example- instead of selling big metallic binders, metal U- clips, colored U-clips and fancy clips separately we bundled them unneurotic and sold them as a packaged deal at Rs. 20 targeting the college students. This concept worked for us.Sales maximization was set as possible refinement which occurs when the firm sells as much as possible without making a loss. We implied this strategy wherein we after a point where we had covered all our costs, we punishing on s elling as much as we can even if it is at a low profit margin as long as there was no loss. This helped us in earning our revenue and capital for next days. Thus, the application of this theory was successful. We also came to the conclusion that paper clips as such(prenominal) are not a commodity that a street vendor would sell. It is more likely to be found in stationery shops as they serve a market which requires all these goods.Lessons LearntOperating in the informal economy showed us that there existsno perfect knowledgewith respect to commodities being sold (in terms of availability and price).Venturing further into the streets of Crawford Market revealed that the commodity sold is much cheaper when compared to the peripheral shops. The procurement exercise highlighted the prevalence ofinformation asymmetry.The presence of street vendors is a menace for commuters but a boon for the working unretentive by providing goods (sometimes necessities) at a substantially cheaper price. The survey revealed that most street vendors require credit in order to start an enterprise but were often denied access due to lack of collateral but they seaportt applied for any loans due to a variety of reasons. They are not well aware of the government policies and are subjected to constant evictions by the municipal corporations as we observed when the street vendors were made to flee the purview when the BMC truck arrived at Marine Lines station during the course of our study. An important perspective is the self-employment, which is an important component of the informal sector that allows this section of the urban unworthy to earn income but is also classified into different types of employment like employees, middlemen, and unpaid family members or self-employed. Thus, the informal sector acts a livelihood-sustaining platform.Interactions with street vendors, it was found out that they suffer from problems like hypertension, hyperacidity migraine attacks and severe bac kaches. Another feel revealed was the participation of women. Women form a significant proportion of the informal application force. (Refer Appendix III for Survey Questionnaire and Appendix IV for results/findings).Policies in placeThe National Policy for Urban Street Vendors, 2004 was the first policy that called hawkers as vendors in designated areas called hawker zones and non-hawker zones and to ensure absence of congestion and maintain hygienics in public spaces and streets.Policy of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation, 2009 By the National Commission on enterprises in the unorganized sector, this bill has not been introduced so far. It does not focus on natural markets like railroad track stations, depots, taxi stands, etc. Heavy fines are levied on unregistered sellers and their goods are confiscated. Non perishables are left off with heavy fines however, fruit and vegetable vendors meet everything. The Panchnama of confiscated goods is not issues by policemen and reco rds are not maintained.National Policy on Urban Street Vendors, 2009 It reports the conditions of work and promotion of livelihoods in the unorganized sector. It provides a constitutional angle to practice any occupation. For example Right to able means of livelihood, Article 14, 19 (1) (g), 38(2), 39(a) and 41.Suggestions-Registration must be made compulsory for street vendors by issuing licenses to prevent immoral rent stressing activities in the form of haftas from officials and thus, providing them with recognition. Incentive to register can be provided to street vendors by providing subsidized healthcare to registered vendors. Cheap housing and adaptation or slum rehabilitation can be provided to register street vendors as most of them are migrants from all over the country. A instrument to file a PIL must be established for the street vendors to seek redressal for confiscated goods. Alternate spaces should be allotted for their activities if the area has to be cleared of such activities. For example, the shift of Agra Market during the 2010 Commonwealth Games. Stricter laws and there enforcement is necessary so that illegal hawking is avoided and they do not seem a nuisance to the commuters. In this way, both parts of the society can live in harmony.

Developmental Psychology: Research Methods

developmental Psychology Re search MethodsBOTTE Christopher Louis CellioOutline and evaluate the research rules employed by developmental psychologists.Developmental psychology is be by Muir Slater(2003) as the enlighten that attempts to describe and apologize the changes that occur over m in thoughts, behavior, conclude and functioning of an case-by-case due to biological, individual and environmental influences. Any developmental psychologist, in its way to try to describe and explain the changes in an individual over duration, need to find out what research design feature with research method will be best to gather culture to be able to effectively carry its research. In the following paragraphs I will start by explaining the various research methods that be presently utilize by developmental psychologist. Lastly I will capture some question asked by some psychologist from past studies that have been shamble and try to evaluate the research methods used in it.Res earch methods crapper be broken into 2 parts soft research method and vicenary research method. The distinction between those two suits of research methodologies is that qualitative methods be essentially used for exploratory researches, use un merged or semi-structured techniques such as representational nonification and clinical audiences. Exploratory research, defined by Wikipedia is, research conducted for a problem that has non been clearly defined.The quantitative methods be used to quantify the ga thered cultivation by generating numerical data so that the data evict be statistically used for description and interpretation of information from a large population. Structured observation, structured consultations and establishs are some examples of quantitative research methods.As said in the preceding paragraphs, there are different events of research methods. let us now outline and evaluate the different research methods by using past psychological studies s o that we can befool those research methods in a real context.Descriptive MethodsIt is in the human nature to ascertain others and to roam conclusion about their behaviour. We have to admit that we often approximate people by their body language. In fact, scientist like psychologist in addition draw conclusion from people behaviours by observing them. There is a pile to learn further by observing people. The difference between a simplex individuals observation of an event and the observation of a psychologist is that, the scientific observation is through chthonic precisely defined conditions, it is done systematically and endively. In addition, the event they are observing is carefully recorded.As it is precise difficult to account all behaviours and large population at a time, a case sample of behaviour should be chosen accordingly to the news report they are carrying. The sample should be as veracious as mathematical for the external bindingity of the study. Ext ernal validity meat the extent to which the findings from the observations can be generalized. Other than a good representative sample, psychologist have to choose a good time consume as it enable psychologist to be exposed to the behaviour of interest at different period of the day. For instance, while observing a group of workers to assess their direction level (in work place), they should be observed for the whole day in fix to generalize their findings. They can non be observed only in the morning, where they are still fresh. Instead, they should be observed at different periods of the day or of the week, where under pressure of work, they express different behaviours. Another important divisor to make a good observation is situation sampling. circumstance sampling is choosing another sample, in another place and under different conditions and circumstances. Situation sampling enhances the external validity of the research findings.There are two distinct showcases of obse rvation. One is naturalistic or direct observation. It can be both qualitative and quantitative research method. In this type of observation, the detective is on field, observes and records (written) its unresolveds in their natural oscilloscope. The strength of this method is that, when observing on field the researcher can see the everyday behavior that the discomfits expresses. The casings behaviours are not biased by the fact that they are being observed by the researcher because they do not be intimate that they are being observed. The drawback is that the researcher is not in control of the situation, and then he may fail to see the behaviour he is raise in. Also naturalistic observation is often time consuming. Example of naturalistic observation are work of (Farver Branstetter, 1994) in which they observed preschooler prosocial resolution to their peers distress. Another example is the study of (Matsumoto Willingham, 2006) where the observed athletes in their natu ral setting of an olympic judo competition.The act type of observation also can be both quantitative and qualitative research method. It is the structured observation. This kind of observation is done in testing ground setting, where the researcher reproduce as more as possible real life setting in order to facilitate the occurrence of the behaviour of interest. The laboratory is also set in a way in which every musicians can equally flourish this desired behaviour. The advantages of this research method is that the proveer can control the laboratory audition to get the desirable behaviour from the subjects. The drawback is that, very often the subjects will figure an admirable and unnatural behavior to impress the researcher because they know that they are being studied. Garner (2003) set a laboratory observation to study the emotional reactions, to harm that two-year- emeritus children thought they had caused.Self-ReportsThere are three third estate types of self-report influences that developmental researcher uses to ask research participants to give information on their perception, thought, abilities, feeling, attitudes and past experiences. These types of self-report methods can be relatively unstructured wonders such as clinical interviews to highly structured interviews and questionnaires.Clinical interview is a type of self-report method. The researcher, which is also the interviewer and the research participant engage in a intercourse for a given period of time where the participant give his bakshish of view of the subject in discussion. The advantages of this method is that the researcher can see the way the participant expresses its thought in its everyday life and also a lot of information can be gathered in a session. The disadvantages is that the participant can distort the way the use to believe just to please the interviewer. Also when participants are asked questions about past events in their life, they do not remember things. In addition, as the clinical interview is based on conversation, one of the major problem that occurs is the fact that very often the participants has difficulty to put their thoughts into word. An example of clinical interview is the interview of Piaget to a 5-year-old child about dreams. (Piaget, 192611930, pp. 97-98)Structured interview can be both qualitative and quantitative research method in which apiece and every participants are ask the same set of question. It allows psychologist to gain time during the session as the questions are already prepared in advance. In this methods the psychologist has to prepare an interview schedule and has to stick to this schedule even if the participant is deviating from the focus of the interview. The questions set in the structured interview can be either open-ended or end-ended. The advantage is that this method is not time consuming as the questions are already pre-set exactly its drawback is that the answers that will end from the participants may still be affected by miscommunication of thought. Structured interview does not provide information in detail as clinical interview does.Questionnaires is a research method where a series of questions are asked for the purpose of obtaining information from respondent. It is considered as a written interview. Again, in this type of self-report interview the questions is set the same way for each participants/respondent. The outcome of this type of research may be very useful in statistical comparison. Questionnaire can be used for large populations at low personify and sometime this method can be quick if the questions asked are close ended. The limitations of this method is that it show little details about the respondents. Also, respondents may not be true in the expression of the feelings and thoughts even though questionnaires are confidential.Clinical or Case Study MethodCase study method can provide a full range information on a subject. It is often used to st udy special and arouse rare phenomena such as the case of Henry Gustav Molaison (Wikipedia 2015) who was an American computer memory disorder patient. This method analyses every event in the life the subject so as to give cues about how and why a subject is behaving like it is.Do women have better memories than men?Research mention that women are better than men when there is a verbal visible to remember. For example a list of words. Galea and Kimura (1993) did a laboratory experiment to test the hypothesis that woman have better memory than men. They tried to make an experiment to find if women were also better than men for remembering ocular material. They showed the participants, women and men a series of simple and familiar images such as car, table and pen to remember. After that they had to recognise the remembered images in a second series of images. After the experiment, the results were in the advantage of the women. Indeed women remembered more images than men. furth er is this result true? It is not simple as that to interpret the results immediately as they did. It is possible that the women encoded the simple images into simple words so that they were more likely to remember after. This experiment is not valid if the women stored the images as words. The experiment does not show that women are better than men in memorising simple images. Therefore we conclude that experiment should be done using specific methods.Do children think an mark that is out of bargain is out of sagacity?Jean Piaget is the pioneer of cognitive development in children. He started by observing childrens behaviours and study their responses to his questions. He therefore, develop his theoretical modeling to show that every children pass through a series of cognitive stops. In each different stages, a new cognitive skill were acquired. One important milestone in his theory is the physical intent permanence. objective permanence means knowing that when an object is out of sight does not mean out of existence. In the first stage of his theory, the sensori repulse stage starts from birth to the age of two. This stage is said to be the object concept. When insideng the search A not B error test, children age around fivesome months cease to search for an interesting object when the experimenter hid it. Piaget concluded that for the children the object has ceased to exist. For ripened children aged around nine months, they did search for the hidden object but made errors which he called place error, or AB error. The experiment procedure was like that, there were two cloth in front of the children. Let us name it cloth A and cloth B. The interesting object was shown to the child, then place under cloth A. The child successfully retrieved it. on the button after the child has retrieved the object, the experimenter places the object under under cloth A and the child was able to retrieve the object again. Now the experimenter places the object u nder cloth B and this time the child ceases to search for the object. Piaget says that the 5 months old children cease to search because they lack cognitive abilities and they believe that when object disappears, it is just vanished and non-existent anymore. For the nine months old children, Piaget would argue that they have a better discernment of the world but the subjective, egocentrism perspective of the child dominates. How far can we rely on these observation made by Piaget? What are possible alternative explanation of such behaviour? Do children of five months truly think that object cease to exist when they are out of their sight?A possible alternative explanation could be that five months children could not retrieve the object under the cloth because they lack motor skills to do it. They simply cannot hold themselves, they cannot bend forward and lift the cloth. If the reason that they do not search for the object when hidden is due to the lack of motor skills, then thei r cognition abilities has nothing to do with this experiment. Bower and Wishart (1982) did a laboratory experiment to test that 1 to 4 months children did not have object permanence. They tested if the tinder send of the children would rise when they saw an object disappear and then come back again. They hypotheses that if children age from 1 to 4 month did not have object permanence they would not react to the object when its reappears and their heart rate would not change. The result was that when the hidden object reappeared their heart rate did not rose. Therefore Bowen and Wishart concluded that the child had an expectation that the object was still there and did not disappeared. However, the moment when the object disappeared their heart rate rose showing their concern about the disappearance of the object. They have an ground that the object is hidden by an obstacle (the cloth) but it is still there and eventually continues to exist.We have seen from the examples that one methods cannot fully explain some behaviours. sometimes researcher should use different methods to get out the best from research. lit crit and critical evaluation of their methods and results help in getting reliable and valid research pieces.To conclude, the different methods works for specific event and time. The developmental psychologist should be careful when choosing their research method and designs. The psychologist in their way to describe and explain behaviour should ask themselves a good research question to aright theorise their ideas and also they should take care of all variables that can interfere with their results. After the handling of those enumerated conditions, then their research results can be received and generalized.Reference listBower, T., Wishart, J. (1972). The effects of motor skill on object permanence.Cognition,1(2-3), 165-172. inside10.1016/0010-0277(72)90017-0Farver, J. M., Branstetter, W. H. (1994). Preschooler prosocial response to their pee rs distress.Developmental Psychology, 30,334-341.Galea, L., Kimura, D. (1993). Sex differences in route-learning.Personality And Individual Differences,14(1), 53-65. doi10.1016/0191-8869(93)90174-2Garner, P. (2003). Child and family correlates of toddlers emotional and behavioral responses to a mishap.Infant Mental Health Journal,24(6), 580-596. doi10.1002/imhj.10076Matsumoto, D., Willingham, B. (2006). The thrill of victory and the agony of defeat Spontaneous expressions of medal winners of the 2004 capital of Greece Olympic games.Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology,91(3), 568-581. doi10.1037/0022-3514.91.3.568Slater, A., Bremner, J. (2003).Introduction to developmental psychology. Malden, MA Blackwell Pub.Wikipedia,. (2015).Henry Molaison. Retrieved 8 February 2015, from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Molaison1

Commitment to Students and Student Learning

committal to Students and Student skill1. perpetration to Students and Student Learning The OCT segments are utilize to demonstrating care, showing empathy and passion to savantsThey are committed to learners by striving to meet each student and his contracts and his abilities which inform the teaching planning. They also push diversity inside and outside the classroom to reinforce positive learnednessMembers show respect and equitably to students to enhance learning by let enabling environment where students feel valued, free to share ideas and contributions. Members encourage students to shamble choice and have access in the classroom which is vital to modelling fairness and equityThey facilitate students growth by striving to meliorate learning facilities and classroom environment. Members detect students interest and their strengths in order to benefactor them develop their learningMembers are sensitive to the needs of students by well-read what to promote in stu dents, skills they need to use and how to motivate students learning use incompatibleiated instructions. Students are able to use their skills to contribute to the development of the communities.2. sea captain KnowledgeDescriptorsStriving and to be new It is very important for OCT member to update their maestro friendship and stay current in their trust. on that point are so many on training programs through the progress or the Ontario College which are eligible to members for them to upgrade their knowledge. When instructors are current knowledge, it repairs their physical exercise and they can easily provide first hand information to their student. intellect and smoothening students development, learning theory, pedagogy, curriculum, ethics, educational research and related policies and legislation This involve that the teacher must a go against understanding of his subject, learning theory, pedagogy, curriculum, professional ethics, educational research and related policies and legislation. The teacher must also understand the student as a whole person with abilities, weaknesses, strengths, perspectives and specific needs. It is essential for a teacher to conjecture on a students learning development and identify how to improve development.3. Professional PracticeDescriptorsApplication of professional knowledge and picture Teachers are expected to apply their professional knowledge to teaching make by mastering the curriculum and pedagogy to promote students learning, professional knowledge is very vital and it is the back bone of teaching. Also an adage says perplex is the best teacher the more experienced a teacher is the better he is able to apply a professional experience to different situations that promote positive learning.Appropriate planning and method It necessary for either teacher in a professional practice to enhance student learning by using the appropriate pedagogy, carry out sound judgement and evaluation, use heterogen eous resources and technology to meet the learning needs of every child.Response to individual needs In professional practice teachers need to understand each student and their individual learning needs, this will attention the teacher to respond to the needs of the student by using various professional teaching method and planning to meet that needs. .Refine professional practice All teachers should be reflective practitioners. It is mandatory for all members to improve on their professional practice through on going inquiry, confabulation and reflection. This will assist teachers to discover new ways of doing things better.4. Leadership in Learning CommunitiesDescriptorsCreation of collaborative and throwive learning communities Teachers should collectively give out together as a team to undertake activities that will support students learning. They should also work together with parents to provide support for learning community. They should reflect on their activities in orde r to improve students performance.Shared responsibility and leaders office Members should understand the mountain of the school and their responsibilities into making it impelling , however, they should not only be involved in the process of developing shared out vision but make is a responsibility to use the vision as a guide post in making conclusion about teaching and learning in the school.Maintain and uphold estimable standard Teachers should slip by to show integrity, trust in learning communities. They should find the moral principles of professional ethics by which they set themselves as role model to students, parents and the community in general5. Ongoing Professional LearningDescriptorsCommitment to professional learning Ongoing professional training is an effective tool in discharging teaching practice and improving students learning. Teacher should continue to develop their professional knowledge by reading, carrying out research and reflect on experience.Identi fy interesting/controversial phrases in each of domain.1. Commitment to student and student learningDedicated in their care and cargo to student learning interesting2. Professional Knowledge.Strive to be current and recognize its relationship to practice3. Professional PracticeRefine their professional practiceApply professional knowledge and experience4. Leadership in Learning CommunitiesPromote and participate in the creation of collective, safe and encouraging learning communities controversial5. Ongoing Professional LearningRecognize that a commitment to ongoing professional learning is integral to effective practice and to student learning interesting

Operations Management At Mcdonalds Management Essay

mathematical functionings caution At Mcdonalds Management EssayWhat is Operation Management?Operations Management is an activity of trouble which is concerned with the action and deli precise of reapings and armed service to an organization. The trading operations functionis the calve of the organization that is responsible for this activity. every organization has an operations function Operation management is very entirely important(predicate) for any(prenominal) ships company. And by this function company tail assembly grow-up and moving in right way. For exampleMc DonaldsMc Donald Corporation was Born in 1940s. It was the first fast fodder industry in the world marketplace. And who started a chain transcription in the world market. It dresss some of the world favorite(a) and famous fare for thought bid French fries, Big posterior Pounder, poulet Nuggets and sausage McMuffin with egg as a breakfast. Mc Donald is the leading planetary aliment service reta iler with much than 33000 local restaurants dishd by more than 1.7 million employees p in 122 different countries. Mc donalds serves more than 49 Million customers around the world each and every day. More than 80% of Mc Donalds restaurant worldwide ran by independent local distributer and local public. Mc Donald corporation is grew from beginners and Every year they produce clean growth or scheme for attract a customer. By up-to-the-minute news McDonalds introduce a new crop as production maple oatmeal in its menu in 2011. Mc donald is using a Operation Management system for be in a world-wide market.McDonld processMcDonalds manufacturing process is completely transp arnt to the customer and in the market. redden A customer sight see the process of the fast food and they can judge to hygienic standards at Mc Donalds by eachowing them to precede where the process took place. A customer has allow to check the ingredients employ in food.InputsMaterial-Other procedures wh ere the material use which can called a preparation. We take in to prepare for all kind of material for making fast food. And Raw material are arranged acoording to the enquirement.Example Ready all kind of sauce, make a ready all vegetable and salads to ready for serve, burgers, Cheese, Chips and extra.Information -Information could do so to transform their informationalproperties. A change the possessionof the information.Example Mc Donald research market to sell information. Store information about other(prenominal) experience and entropy about McDonalds Company.FacilitiesMcDonald has a all kind of facilities for making a food and preparing a food and avail facility. They have buildings, equipment, plant and process technology of the operation. They provide a good arrangement for workers, servicing. They provide storage and administrative areas. The facility is designed by traditional techniques, scale plans, diagrams, and travel charring very lower cost.Staff In the McDona lds the hoi polloi who bleeds, avow, plan and manage the operation. the rebounds round to describe all the people in the Main operation, and any kind of operation.Transformational processThe steps needed to transforming inputs into outputs. This is a Main part of transforming process. By transforming process Mc Donald handle a input and outputs servicing and It and principal(prenominal)tain look services.OutputThe output has a required to the product and service by the customer. By output Mc Donald give aGood service to customer and satisfaction. They excessively believe to provide a smell product to a customer.Quality ManagementMc Donald maintaining the tone of voice of the goods and services so It can meet the minimum requirements laid by the corporation. For manage and maintain the quality of the product and services they must(prenominal)(prenominal) adobe a quality checks procedure. Quality in McDonald is very important. And its depend on two main reasons. One reas on that, its a legal requirements of the quality of fast food served. And Secondly ,to Maintain the good reputation about McDonalds Corporation pull in over the years. Its very difficult to maintain an quality of food and therefrom McDonalds carry on a number of practices to Double check that quality food is served. Some of these practices are the visited by the food inspector from the sustenance and Hygienic, supervisor checks etc.4v challenges in Mc DonaldThe volume of their output The innovation of their outputThe variation in the demand for their outputThe degree of profile which customers have of the production of the product or service.The volume propertyHigh-volume burger production is McDonalds, and they serve millions of burgers in the world each and every. Volume has intimately thing to implications for the way McDonalds operations are organized. First reason is the repeatabilityof the tasks people are doing and the systemizationof the worked where standard procedu res are fix in a manual, with book of instructions with big volume of the job should be carried out. Also the tasks are systematized and repeated, it is worthwhile developing specialized fryers and ovens. All this given by low unit costs. Now consider a small local cafeteria serving a few short bon ton dishes. The range of items on themenu may be similar to the larger operation, but the volume leave behind be more less than large operation. And a degree of repetition forget also be far lower. and the number of staff will be less.The variety dimensionMc Donald company scissures a high-variety service. It may confine its different grammatical case of fast foods, servicing of people in the restaurant. In order to offer this variety it must be relatively flexible. Employee must have a good knowledge about customer like and dislike. So they can prepaid for that.The variation dimensionMC Donald company has a variation dimension in a year. Basically Mc Donald has variation in produ cts. Like, Hot food, and Cold drinks and Ice creams and different type of cold drinks. And Hot chocolates. Customers like cold drinks in summer generation than in the middle of winter. And Customer like to drink Hot chocolates in winter time. They have different breakfast as per seasonal time. The visibility dimensionVisibility is a slightly more difficult dimension of operations to envisage. It means how much of the operations activities its customers experience, or how much the operation is exposedto its customers. Generally, customer-processing operations are more exposed to their customers than material- or information-processing operations. But thus far customer processing operations have some choice as to how visible they wish their operations to be. For example, in clothes retailing, an organization could conciliate to operate as a chain of conventional shops. Alternatively, it could decide non to have any shops at all but rather to puff an internet-based operation.Perfo rmance Objectives of every organizationThere are fivesome effect objectives. hotfootCostQualityDependabilityFlexibilityOrganizational twist of McDonalds, affects its dressance and helps it to meet its objectives. The organizational structure of McDonalds has a big match in helping the restaurant to have an effective performance and also boost it to meet its objectives. The production area of McDonalds by ensuring that there is tolerable food products, packaging for food in order for the restaurant to operate each day, and to requirement of the customers, and that customers take are met properly. To do this McDonalds orders the food that it require from the suppliers in bulk whenever needed this is essential due to McDonalds serving the food over a number of customers every day, the restaurant required to be good equipped with food items and packaging for the food so that it can run victorfully and not have customers complaining due to the neglect of food this According to m y study McDonalds has two main performance objectives.SpeedHow much the time to customer has to stay for their product and the services its called speed. McDonalds aspiration for drive-thru is 90 seconds. But that is just regular documentation for the report not for every time. Here speed is main objective for McDonalds drive-thru performance, so they have to be accurate on that. If they cant keep that speed for serve the customer in drive-thru during busy time customer will lovesick with the services. For progress that performance McDonalds need to modify the policy and the system to serve the customer that will consume the time to chase the customers order in-time. For perform excellent process they have to follow the sequencing regulations, like when the customer will come first, than priority for that customer is high than the next customer. According to the sequencing system in McDonalds they wish First-In-First-Out Sequencing rules. Some time it could be change on order. If they make two different queues for serve the customer fast by customers order number. It means two different queues for big and little order that will be supportive to McDonalds serving speed.CostCost is commonly main objective for McDonalds. For organization complete in price, cost must be a significant objective. If they produce lower price product than it would be cheap for the customer. Most of the organization spends the money first for staff wages, after that machinery, stuff, tools and services. McDonalds provide low cost product. McDonalds food is very cheaper than new(prenominal) Companies food. Mc Donalds give an offer to customers in a meal deal, Burger, devise and more number of people will be attracted by offer and McDonald average cost will decrease. Mcdonalda in some cost swing schema include are also investing in energy-saving to equipmentQualityMcdonalds food quality is as good as at used to be long time,this restaurant is already go through bimestrial inspect ions in item of quality food,in mcdonalds improving to tranning process and taking complaint of employees. Well i think the quality and menu at McDonalds needs to improve. Whats with the quarter pounders meat sticking out of the bun? Bun should be the same size as the meat, baru okay for the price that we are paying. For the past 20 years weve all been eathing the same thing, whats new Fold over, Quarter Pounder, Prosperity Burger, Big and Tasty Samurai Burger, Chicken Mc Deluxe all etc.CONCLUSIONWe learn from above assignment that operations management is very important for any company as they have a partnership with the overall system of the organisation. Mc Donald used an Operation Management system in there channel. And by using a OM system Mc Donald company grow up year by year. McDonalds believes that the success of the restaurants and the company is achieved through the people it employs. MC Donald has a powerful five performance obejectives.The company aims to recruit the best people, to retain them by go ongoing training relevant to their position and to promote them when they are ready.OM contributes to the strategy and they helps the organisation to gain competitive advantage. For an immediate basis, process planning can help the organisation reduce cost and gain cost advantages and thereof gain competitive advantage. Therefore the organisations must effectively manage the operations of the business as it has a massive effect on the strategy of the organisation.

Examining Concepts Of Leadership And Reflection In Nursing Essay

Examining Concepts Of leaders And Reflection In Nursing EssayWestern (2008) says that, the term lead has divergent meanings and we ordain aw ar of leaders when we see it. By the estimates of Durbin (2000), in academic literature at that place be 35,000 definitions for lead (Pye,2005P.32). harmonise to Stodyill (1974p.257), there atomic number 18 as many people tried to make the mind of leadership as many definitions of leadership as there are.Hemphil and Coons (1957,p.7) delimitate leadership as the behaviour of an individual directing the activities of a assembly toward a shared goal.Clark (2009) says that the change in the definition of leadership occurs agree to the person, whom we ask to define the term. Houser and Player (2004) concluded in their study of a dozen nurse leaders as that, the nurse leaders vex some common characteristics such as innovative, courageous, visionary, scholarly, resilient, creative, committed, responsive, and thoughtful. Tan (2006) sugg ests that the concept of leadership as, to influence a person or fol minorer, to do what is critical to progress to societal and institutional goals.Nurses are particularly aware about the prerequisite of meditative practices among health care professionals (Duffy,2007Manthey,2001, et al.). Same as that practice of pensive leadership take a shit an equal importance in this profession (Deutsch and Sherwood,2008). Oestreich (2009) says that, reflective leaders must know about, how they are opening paths for clear converse and goal fulfilment, where they are in the progress of their own and organizational goals, and how they ascribe with some others. Great leaders have to walk alone sometimes, such lonesomeness can facilitate thoughtfulness(Drucker,1996,p.9). Qualitative researchers says that , to a greater extent distant objurgation is affirmable through and through the observation of the participant. In a nutshell, both the individual leader, more than that the organizat ion benefited by the reflective practices. lead CHARACTERISTICSAccording to Nanus,B (1985), integrity, passion, and vision are the fundamental characteristics of a good leader. Sociability, integrity, determination, self-importance-confidence,and intelligence are the characteristics belong ordinarily to leaders (Stodgill,1948,1974). Research among 46 magnet hospitals clearly defined the assess of leaders as they are knowledgeable and die hardive, enthusiastic and visionary, have expectations and racy standards, value professional schooling and education, demonstrate status and power in the organization, are responsive and visible, are active in professional associations and impart openly (Mc Clure Hinshaw,2002Scott et al,1999Kramer,1990Mc Clure,Poulin,et al,1983Kramer Schmalenberg,2005). Murphy and DeBack (1991) identified nurse leader have leadership characteristics such as learning and taking initiative, designing organization structure, mastering change, and managing the dream.LEADERSHIP THEORIESMany leadership theories are useful to nursing (Burns,1985). By Patricia Kelly (2010) the major leadership theories classified in to the following approaches Behavioural, contemporary, and hazard approaches.BEHAVIOURAL APPROACHIn behavioural approach the leadership studies by Kurt Lewin et al.(1930) gave information about three widely existing leadership styles. That are autocratic, democratic, and laissez-faire leadership styles. Autocratic style of leadership the opportunity to make up decisions centralized in the leader and the leader has the power to control and ascendancy the team members. In democratic style the team members have the permission to take decisions and there is a close inter personal kindred between the leader and the individual team members moreover there is manduction of opinions. By Lewin (1939) laissez-faire leaders postpone decision making and are characterized by freedom of behaviour. In this group the negative points are th e low productivity and the feeling of dissatisfaction.CONTEMPORARY APPROACHThis approach gave importance to the development of learning organizations and lead the process of transforming change. Charismatic surmise, transformational leadership theory, knowledge workers, randy intelligence, and wheatleys reinvigorated science of leadership are under this approach (Kelly,P,2010). disaster APPROACHIn this theory the factors in the environment influences the leaders outcomes. This approaches accept the positioningal theory of Hersey and Blanchard, Feilders contingency theory, path goal theory and the idea of substitutes for leadershipAmong these theories one theory that has become relevant to nursing is the transformational leadership theory (Burns,1985). Transformational leadership is defined as, One who inspires and empowers everyone with the vision of what could be possible(Hood,2010,p.460). The suggestion by IOM (2003,b) is that,the transformational leadership acts as a safety net for the patients. According to Clark (2009,p.17) transformational leadership and authentic leadership are the two different types of leadership styles greatly important for nurses.THE IMPORTANCE OF REFLECTIVE PRACTICE IN NURSING LEADERSHIPThe maintenance of a personal professional visibleness is important for the attainment of maximum reflection in education and practice after the enrolment of a practitioner, by UKCC. The regularly recording of daily events and preplanned learning activities as a part of reflective process are the bias of this profile (UKCC,1997). One of the inevitable processes in clinical oversight is the reflection. Moreover, clinical supervision helps the practitioner to up bring the standard of care and thus it support in their practice (UKCC,1996). materialisationThe concept of reflection is difficult to define (James Clarke,1994Clarke et al., 1996). John Dewey (1933,p.9) defined the term reflection as active, persistent, and careful stipulation of any belief or supposed form of knowledge in the light of the grounds that support it and the further conclusions to which it tends. By Dewey (1933) the application of scientific methods are possible through experimentation and reasoning and there by challenge and test out true beliefs. His studies influenced the educational ideas and work of Schon,D (1983,1987) Boyd Fales (1983) and Boud et al.(1985). According to Boyd Fales (1983) reflection is the process of internal examination and exploration of a touch issue, by an event, that self clarify and creates meaning and resulted in a different conceptual perspective. In definitions of reflection, most of them support the ideas of intellectual skills and creativity development, self awareness raising, and new knowledge development (Hancock,P,1999). By Boud et al. (1985), to becoming a reflective practitioner, one should consider an issue, triggered by an experience, go back through it, and ponder over it and then they will get a new insight about that particular situation.TYPES OF REFLECTIONSchon (1987) noticed two types of reflection in his studies. Reflection-on-action and reflection-in-action. He identified that practitioners use reflection, when they met with unique situations, when they may not be able to use previously learned theories or techniques by formal education. By the concept of his reflection-on-action, to develop as a practitioner or person, critical idea and construction and reconstruction of events are important. On the other hand, by his reflection-in-action, action from a practitioner reshaped due to his thinking patch he is doing it and with out disturbing it.SKILLS NECESSARY FOR REFLECTIONBy Atkins Murphy (1993) the skills such as description, synthesis, paygrade, judgement, critical epitome, and self-awareness are necessary for reflection. Front-runners in nursing have established some forms of reflection, significantly those of Schon (1983,1987) Kolb (1984) Boud,Cohen et al.(1 993) Boud,Keogh et al.(1985) and Johns (1992). Their levels of explanations are different, while the retrospective phenomenon of reflection has three fundamental processes. That are retrospection, reorientation, and self-evaluation (Quinn,F,M,).DATEMODELS OF REFLECTION thoughtful Practice was introduced by Donald Schon in his book The Reflective Practitioner in 1983. There are different precedents of reflection in practice. In that I would like to discuss about the two models of reflection Gibbs model, 1988 Johns model, 1995. GIBBS MODEL OF REFLECTION 1988Gibbs model is a cyclic process of reflection, in that a practitioner describes the experience and must evaluate and analysis of how they were feeling during the experience. By the evaluation and analysis of the emotions associated with the situation give the practitioner a chance to transform the situation and come to a conclusion of what else could be done, or what other options could have been taken. Most importantly,in Gib bs model of reflection the final stage is the conceptualisation of action plan, that give an idea about what actions would be taken if the situation happened again (W http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflective_practice).JOHNS MODELIt is a structured mode of reflection that provides a practitioner with a guide to gain greater understanding. In this model of reflection, reflection carried out through the act of sharing of emotions with colleague or a mentor and it provides a faster rate of learning than reflection alone. In order to achieve reflection looking in on ones thoughts and emotions and looking out at the situation experienced are important steps in this model of reflection. Mainly five patterns of learning are included in to the guided reflection, that are the practitioners analysis about the aesthetic, personal, ethical, empirical, and the reflex(a) elements experienced through the situation.REASONS TO PREFER JOHNS MODEL OVER GIBBS MODELI think Johns model of reflection i s better than that of Gibbs model because, in Johns model practitioner get an opportunity to share with a colleague or mentor, about their thoughts and emotions of their own and about the situation experienced. It seems to me that by the sharing of emotions definitely, we will get a clear cut idea about the feelings of the self and about the situation in a faster rate. Looking in and looking out become easier when the structured questions shared between a colleague or an experienced person. In Gibbs model of reflection, evaluation and analysis of the emotions associated with the situation experienced is important and there is no sharing of ideas or emotions with anybody. I feel that with out the sharing of emotions reflection occurs in a slower rate.

Personal Narrative - Baptism Essay -- Personal Narrative Essays

Personal Narrative - BaptismI took my first metre down into the font and mind. Baptisms are funny things. The brightness of it all is profound. It seems as if in that respect is angiotensin-converting enzyme brilliant mirror reflecting boisterous cheer everywhere. The root is to pack as much happiness, either real or faked, into one too-hot room in the hope that it will be absorbed into the perfectly petrified soul of the prospective individual about to be baptized. The joy was so thick that it bounced around the walls and the floor searching for something to absorb it, something to hold it in permanently. The beams certainly had many obstructions to navigate around. There were too many lucubrate women with satiated grins do wider still by the application of inordinate amounts of heavier-than-air crimson lipstick. Hair that reached ever upward in a maddeningly upright gyre, as if they were competing with steeples in an effort to be closer to God. Maybe they thought the prepo nderance of hair would be a better conduit for God. With all the flare hair spray, their hair had to be a conductor for something. Maybe there was a wateryning rod tucked inside the cocoon of hair. Indeed, the hair imparted a degree of luminosity to the scene. At just the right angle, the artificial light would hit the summit of hairdom and create an angelic halo around their persons. maybe it was one big conspiracy. Perhaps some secret Relief confederacy tome specifies that women should wear eye-dizzying lipstick and hair spray in proportion to their weight. That made it all so bright. The Spirit, this pure being of truth, was being artificially deep-rooted into the baptismal font through the use of cosmetics and cover-up. The brethren ruined the conspiracy theory, or maybe they just didnt have ... ...ed her head against my chest, tucked it among the folds of my baptismal clothes, seeking the light she radiated, seeking the unproven great causation I wish I had. It was a b ig businessman that even my grandma couldnt define, though I knew she had it. The power of tension, the power of electrons, even the power of gravity paled in comparison to the power possessed in this embarrassed but strong old womanhood standing at my side. I wondered why everyone didnt come to gain this power. but I already knew the answer. The truth behind this power could not be given in equations stitched on the back of a research lab coat. It could not even be obtained by simply reading of its source. The power is personal to us all. It is different for everyone. My grandma found her truth and her power, and I found myself clutching frantically for the beams of light that raced joyously out of her still quiver frame.

Ernie Barnes: Research of the Football Artist Essay -- history

Ernie Barnes Research of the Football deviceistErnie Barnes was and still is one of the most popular and well-respected black artists today. Born and embossed in Durham, North Carolina, in 1938, during the time the south as segregated, Ernie Barnes was non expected to become a famous artist. However, as a modern boy, Barnes would, often accompany his mother to the home of the prominent attorney, Frank Fuller, Jr., where she contributeed as a housekeeper (Artist Vitae, The caller-up of Art, 1999). Fuller was able to spark Barnes interest in art when he was only seven years old. Fuller told him about the heterogeneous schoolings of art, his favorite painters, and the museums he visited (Barnes, 1995, p. 7). Fuller further introduced Barnes to the works of such artists as, Raphael, Michelangelo, and Correggio, which later(prenominal) influenced Barnes mannerist style of painting. As a youngish boy Barnes was introverted and incertain (p. 8). He wasnt able to fight like the oth er young boys his age, and quickly became a punching bag for bullies. The after school brawls became so fearsome that Barnes mother asked his principal to allow him to leave school fifteen legal proceeding early everyday. After viewing the extent of Barnes bruises, the principal had no preference but to comply. On the other hand, once the other children learned that Barnes could hound they no longer laughed and made fun of him, They just watched him draw in unruffled awe (p. 8). When Barnes entered secondary high school, he became interested in geological dating and knew that the only way he could get attention from the girls was to play junior varsity football. Therefore, he joined the team, and was dubbed too sensitive for the game, and later part with the team. However, when Barnes entered high school, he was put on a bodybuilding program, by the high schools weight lifting coach, Mr. Tucker, who showed a genuine interest in Barnes drawings. finished Mr. Tuckers constant encouragement, Barnes was able to reinvent himself, graduating from high school with twenty-six football scholarships, as well as the respect of the participation (Artist Vitae, 1999). Before Barnes went to college, at North Carolina College (now North Carolina Central University), he impregnated a young girl and was forced to marry her in order to carry through face, and his first child was born in 1957. Although Barnes marriage was not a successful one, he adored his newbor... ...ers football team. Completes A Dream Unfolds, counselling for National Basketball Association commemorating their 50th anniversary. Private commissions (5). Receives encourage of Los Angeles award, Central City Associatio 1998 The Advocate donated by Donna Arnold to North Carolina Central University check of Law. Begins paintings for traveling exhibition, Visual Poem of Human Experience. Private commissions (6). 1999 Private commissions (2). Continues to work on paintings for traveling exhibition , Visual Poems of Human Experience (The Company of Art, Chronology 1999). Bibliography Barnes, Ernie (1995). From Pads to Palette. Waco, Texas WRS Publishing. Huyett, Pat. (2000). Mbembe towering Aspirations Online. Available http//cctr.umkc.edu/phuyett/mbembe.html 2001, serve 19. The Company of Art. (1999). Artist Vitae Online. Available http//www.erniebarnes.com/bio.html 2001, March 19. The Company of Art. (1999). Chronology Online. Available http//www.erniebarnes.com/chronology.html 2001, March 19. The October Gallery. (2000, May 19). About the Artist Online. Available http//www.octobergallery.com/sbarnes.htm 2001, March 19.

We Must Change the American Health Care System :: Medical Care Insurance

We Must Change the American Health Care clay I came to the United States sixteen years ago. Being a European, I have watched with great inte eternal sleep and disbelief roughly the ongoing disagreements regarding a socialise health care system, which President Bill Clinton has proposed. I am a native of Poland and experienced positive benefits of socialised medicine, so I cant understand why slightly people are so minus towards channelizes in the health care program. Are we really happy with our flowing aesculapian insurance policy? I dont think so. Recent data from the census Bureau show that 43.4 million people in the United States had no health insurance coverage (Bennefield 1). Almost eleven million American children are uninsured as well. Adults and children dont have medical coverage because they cant allow it (1). People who do have some form of medical coverage are often unaware of the hidden costs dictated by the private insurance companies. In addition, do you r ecall how many propagation you have watched the news about people asking us for financial support because they couldnt compensation their medical bill? What is wrong with this picture? why do we have to ask for charity versus having a better health system? I strongly believe that health care should be available to anyone, and especially in America, the richest country in the world. We all essential good, affordable medical coverage, but we are not getting it. Therefore, we should change the current medical system by following the example of socialized medicine in Europe, by making changes in the insurance companies, and by making preventive medicine our priority. First of all, let me tell you what socialized medicine means. It is a public system of national health insurance where doctors are usually paid for their services by the government, and everyone is eligible for medical care without any preexisting condition. Most European countries have some form of socialized medicine. For example, in Poland the health care system is free. Employers pay 48% of a workers monthly salary to cover not scarcely medical care but the retirement program as well. The rest of the money for medical needs comes from the governments funds. My sister, who lives in Germany, told me that 13.1% of her monthly salary is deducted from her paycheck to cover the medical insurance. She said that she only pays about $5 for her prescriptions and about $15 per day for a hospital stay.

The Story :: essays research papers

A bolvirtuosoy can be many another(prenominal) things. By the definition, a story is an adventure, a mix of litterary terms, a conflict, an antagonist, a protagonist or hero, all within a coherent timeline, to give or teach the person the story is told to. For a person of deeper fill though, a story isnt just something thought up of, it is a beginning of ideas all so wonderfully expressed, a downpour of action and unbelief to crisp the eye, a flow of feelings to enchant the heart, or a sweep over of unknown to challenge the mind. It could possibly be all of these. Most batch cannot appreciate the true essence of a story. They merely watch it from afar, applaud in dull silence without even attempting to travel into the world of the story and feel the emotions, enjoy the happiness, share the sorrow, and partake in the action. The a couple of(prenominal) that do appreciate it hale. One such person was Ned Devine. He truly adore all stories. Whether they were childrens or a dults from all around the world, he truly worshiped postcode else. He knew many of them by heart and could recite them discourse for word after having read the books and seen the movies at least twenty times each. direct however, he was tired of reading and watching the stories of others. Wearied he was of the few yet constant imperfections in the ideas of the material he so well enjoyed over the many decades of his life. Worn was he of the stories that were too short, or that had visionary conclusions he made a decision never before considered during his spacious lifetime he was going to write the perfect story because he had discovered in the flash of an instant a deep secret.This time, no imperfections would be to speak of. The wording would be as close to the phase of perfection as possible. The grammar would be mastered as if he was the one who wrote the rules that defined it. Ned Devine was elated with his new idea. He believed that his creation would be the eventual(pr enominal) literary creation. It was to be impossible to be tired, wearied, or worn of such a magnificent fiction because it would endlessly tingle and tickle the emotion of the reader. He knew what to do to bring his masterpiece to reality he was in need of aid from the most qualified people of the language.

Waste Land Essay: Eluding Understanding :: T.S. Eliot Waste Land Essays

The Waste discharge  Eluding Understanding     The Waste Land  is, to begin with, a verse that includes an interpretation as part of the poem, and it is because a poem that makes a problem of its meaning precisely by virtue of its app arent (and apparently inadequate) effort to explain itself. We cannot understand the poem without knowing what it meant to its source, but we must also assume that what the poem meant to its author will not be its meaning. The notes to The Waste Land are, by the logical system of Eliots philosophical critique of interpretation, simply another riddle--and not a illuminate one to be solved. They are, we might say, the poems way of treating itself as a reflex, a something not intended as a sign, a gesture whose expert significance it is impossible, by virtue of the nature of gestures, for the gesturer to explain. And the structure of the poem--a text followed by an explanation--is a reproduction of a pattern that, as the not es themselves emphasize, is repeated in miniature many successions inside the poem itself, where cultural expressions are transformed, by the mechanics of allusion, into cultural gestures. For each time a literary phrase or a cultural motif is transposed into a refreshful-made context--and the borrowed motifs in The Waste Land are shown to have themselves been borrowed by a succession of cultures--it is reinterpreted, its previous meaning becoming incorporated by distortion into a new meaning suitable to a new use. So that the convey of Frazer and Weston is relevant both because it presents the history of religion as a series of appropriations and reinscriptions of cultural motifs, and because it is itself an unreliable reinterpretation of the phenomena it attempts to describe. The poem (as A. Walton Litz argued some time ago) is, in other words, not about spiritual xerotes so much as it is about the ways in which spiritual dryness has been perceived. And the relation of the no tes to the poem proper seems further emblematic of the relation of the work as a whole to the cultural tradition it is a description on. The Waste Land is presented as a contemporary reading of the occidental tradition, which (unlike the ideal order of Tradition and the Individual Talent) is treated as a sequence of gestures whose original meaning is unknown, but which every new text that is added to it makes a bad guess at.

Congo: The Novel and the Movie :: Art

Congo The Novel and the MovieCongo was an astounding bestseller invigorated. It was a great fictional novel that took place in the depths of the Congo rainforest. The novel was later made into a photographic film. Both the novel and the movie were good, however, I prefer the novel. It just seemed like a more entertaining put up than the movie. This movie was based much upon the novel, but had many alternatives and a solely different ending than the novel. The first conflict between the novel and the movie was the press conference that was held on behalf of Amy the gorilla. In the novel, this press conference never took place. In the novel, the press conference was held to settle a legal ponder on whether or not quill Elliot was abusing Amy and whether or not Amy should be released from Peters studies and experiments. However, in the movie, there was no reason declared as to why the press conference was being held. Another difference was the way that Peter and Dr. Ross met. In the novel, Dr. Ross called Peter and invited him to go on an outing to the Congo with herself and her team. After receiving this call, Peter was begging Dr. Ross to include him on her travels. However, in the movie, Dr. Ross met up with Peter at the airport and Peter was already jam-packed and ready to leave for his own expedition. He had no intention of winning Ross along, but he found himself with insufficient funds to pay for the trip. This pushed Peter to invite Ross along if she was to pay for the remainder of the trips expenses. The carpenters plane in the novel belongs to Dr. Ross company Earth Resources Technology. In the movie, however, she works for TraviComm. A man named Travis is still in charge of the company in both(prenominal) the novel and the movie. Travis forces Dr. Ross on this mission in the movie, but in the novel, Travis finds it his die hard hope to publicise Dr. Ross. He has no initial intention to send her because he feels that she is incapable of the expedition. Dr. Ross and her team encounter a setback when they cannot flee their second plane. The cause for this in the movie is that while at the airport, the African Presidents car is blown up. On the other hand, in the novel, the second plane is bugged and Amy is kidnapped.

The New Deal And Reagan :: essays research papers

The parvenu have it off provided motivation for governmental action for cubic decimeter years. The material conditions of the nation could be cast into the frame of the New push-down list and would motivate earthly concern action to address them. The way that they were addressed was border by the New Deals notion that the dispossessed of society were dispossessed because of the arbitrary actions of those at the top of the Ameri stick out economy. Government would become their representative in addressing the failures of capitalist leadership to protect the common man and woman. Franklin D. Roosevelt instituted the New Deal, which consisted of the Workers build Administration, and Social Security among several other programs. At the time, conservative critics supercharged it was bringing a form of socialism into the capitalistic American system. Conservatives free burning this argument until the 1980s when President Reagan actions brought conservative economic beliefs into f ruition. Ronald Reagan was to succeed in remove the political role of the New Deal motive. In doing so, he managed the public/private line, moving many concerns back to being private concerns that the New Deal form had seen as public matters. Reagan was to accomplish this by subbing another motive that replaced the faith of Roosevelt with the faith of Reagan. One of the programs, which the New Deal instituted, was the Workers Progress Administration. The stated purpose of the Workers Progress Administration was to provide useable work for millions of victims of the Great Depression and thus to preserve their skills and self-respect. The economy would in turn be stimulated by the increased purchasing power of the newly employed, whose wages under the program ranged from $15 to $90 per month. Although this system lasted only 8 years it gave the understanding that a middle set American society would have to commence, for the economy to operate. The assistance, which was given to w orkers during the New Deal, was to be eroded by the Reagan administration. Reagans economic policies towards middle to lower class workers recognized the economic imbalance of American society as a problem, which could not be solved by so called subordination of the American taxpayer. The intimation of this was that the government would not subsidize, using taxpayer money, administrations and programs that were similar to those of the New Deal. One can derive this conclusion by looking at Reagans policy towards cracking unemployment insurance and his hesitation towards raising the minimum wage.

A Comparison of John Stuart Mill and Immanuel Kants Ethical Theories :: Societal Order Universability

Compargon wedge and Kants ethical theories which makes a meliorate societal order? John Stuart Mill (1808-73) believed in an ethical system receiptn as utilitarianism. There are many formulation of this theory. nonpareil such is, Everyone should venture in such a way to crop the largest possibly balance of good over evil for everyone involved. However, good is a relative term. What is good? Utilitarians disagreed on this subject. Mill made a note between happiness and sheer sensual pleasure. He defines happiness in terms of higher order pleasure (i.e. social enjoyments, intellectual). In his Utilitarianism (1861), Mill described this principle as followsAccording to the Greatest Happiness pattern The ultimate end, end, with reference to and for the sake of which all other things are wanted (whether we are considering our own good or that of other people), is an existence loose as far as possible from pain, and as rich as possible enjoyments.Therefore, based on this statem ent, three ideas may be identify (1) The goodness of an deed may be determined by the consequences of that act. (2) Consequences are determined by the amount of happiness or unhappiness caused. (3) A good man is one who considers the other mans pleasure (or pain) as equally as his own. Each mortals happiness is equally important.Mill believed that a free act is not an undetermined act. It is determined by the unconstrained choice of the person performing the act. Either external or internal forces compel an servile(prenominal) act. Mill also determined that every situation depends on how you salute the situation and that you are only responsible for your feelings and exercises. You decide how you feel near what you think you saw.Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) had an interesting ethical system. It is based on a persuasion that the reason is the final authority for morality. Actions of any sort, he believed, must be undertaken from a sense of duty dictated by reason, and no action performed for expediency or solely in obedience to law or custom can be regarded as moral. A moral act is an act done for the right reasons. Kant would argue that to make a call for the wrong reason is not moral - you might as rise not make the promise. You must have a duty order inside of you or it will not come through in your actions otherwise. Our reasoning ability will always allow us to know what our duty is.

The United States of Emergency :: September 11 Terrorism Essays

The United States of extremity   We are living in an ongoing crisis, a long-term advance of emergency. We are at war all over the world (U.S. organization officials tell us that Al-Qaeda operates in or from 60 countries). We take hold partial martial law within our country, most obviously in airports. Escalation has taken over. Killing has escalated. Fear has escalated.   This gives diversity ken a forward-looking resonance, a new bottom line. It gives tribe a renewed purpose. regeneration is the key to survival. So the logic is clear diversity must be escalated.   They dont think like we do, said a U.S. terrorism expert. I could neer imagine myself diving a plane into a building and kill pot. The response of some community shows their cognitive/imaginative threshold. Some people were conceptually blocked. I cant imagine how they could do that, said many people after Sept. 11.   When we define some people as deviant, we cant approach them in our usua l way, it puts them beyond our reach, or else we would have to admit that their deviance is within our repertoire as well. The more(prenominal) different from our norm someone is, the more we are challenged to bridge the distance. When we live with great overlap and similarity, we dont practice make contact with the farther reaches of human nature (the title of a word of honor by Abraham Maslow), our own or someone elses.   We talked about outsiders and outcasts in contact with the School shootings of the past few years. When I was teaching Lord of the locomote to a high school English class, students were quick to dismiss a character as nuts. They accepted only a narrow pot of normal. We write off, avoid, demonize, pathologize, those who seem different. We homogenize our mental/emotional/political environment. We pay back our norms and convince ourselves we are the most normal AND the most special people in existence.   Feminists are terrorists to a male-dominant w orld order. Someone who is considered deviant is by definition not accessible in the usual mode and is seen as a threat to ones stability and security. A physician has to enter the consciousness and subjectivity of the patient or hes not a good physician, says Dr. Oliver Sacks. Dr. Jerrold Post, George working capital University psychiatrist, has been giving interviews in which he says the terrorists are not psychotic.

Economic Conditions of the Australian Economy :: essays research papers

Economic Conditions of the Australian providenceOver the past five years the Australian parsimony has g iodine(p) through many changes experiencing both the peaks and troughs associated with business cycle. Five years ago, in the middle of 1997 Australias sparing growth had begun to upturn after a flow of recession during the 96 year. This was unmistakably shown through the composite indicators of retail trade, ingleside investment and Australian share market valuations, all concurring with one another and demonstrating the effects of an upturn in economic growth. This economic growth go along to increase through 98 and 99, partly being attributed to the weakening Australian dollar bill that allowed for the opening up and change magnitude market shares held by Australian exports on world markets. This was the case, as the reduction in the Australian dollars value, triggered decreases in the prices of our exports for foreign buyers, thereby increasing demand for our products and increasing the amount of money and investments coming into Australia. This therefore resulting in the aforesaid(prenominal) increases economic growth when combined with the high levels of employment and consumer confidence.This economic growth didnt however continue for long, with the economy peaking just before the start of the year 2000 followed by a sharp downturn that resulted in a temporal recession occurring around the middle of the year. This erratic behavior, most pronounced in retail trade, can be explained by the effects of both the millennium bug and the introduction of a general consumption tax in the form of the GST. The millennium bug caused much panic and with it bought panic disbursal especially in the IT sector thereby over inflating an already conterminous to booming economy and after the non-event that the millennium (or Y2K) bug caused spend slumped and then further slumped due to the holding back of consumer spending on well-favored ticket items such as cars and houses until the introduction of the GST.In spite of the aforementioned pre GST economic slump, in the second half of 2000, with the implementation of the GST and the advent of the Olympics, the economy quickly boomed again before experiencing another sharp downturn followed by an equally sharp upturn. The initial upturn was due to increased post GST spending followed by huge foreign cash injections into the Australian economy as a result of the Sydney Olympic Games. The Olympics spending however was only passing and consequently caused a post Olympics downturn, which was quickly countered by the introduction of the archetypal homeowners grant.

Gene Therapy :: Genetics Genetic Engineering Essays

component Therapy gene therapy, the process of inserting a constituent into an organism to replace or repair constituent bunk to comprehend a disease or genetic defect, has made headlines orb massive over the past several years as the naked bang-up edge technique that has the authorization to change the way we smack at medicine and treat people. Gene therapy is a method of treating genetic diseases by inserting copies of genes into the cells of affected individuals. The current research on gene therapy has touch on targeting somatic cells, such as red blood cells and nerve cells. another(prenominal) approach, called germ-line gene therapy, would insert sunrise(prenominal) genes into egg cells, sperm cells, or change surface developing embryos. These genetic modifications would be passed on to future generations.10 The office to warp genes bestows upon humanity incredible power. With gene therapy, diseases will be equal to(p) to be treated before ch urlren are even born. However, with such treatment, a slipping slope is not far off. If it is considered good to treat a fetus with genetic defects in utero, then it is not a large formal leap to allow a couple to engineer the staring(a) child that they spend a penny perpetually dreamed about having. With the dawn of fountain children, the tame of evolution could be in the hands of those willing to hire for it. As disparities in healthcare continue to grow, those who could not afford gene therapy could fabricate marginalized, and humanity could witness the establishment of a genetic elite. The potential for new forms of genetic discrimination is also great. The gene pool could be consistently cleansed of traits deemed undesirable. Is it ethical to tamper with an individuals set of genetic instructions? If so, where do we excerpt the line?9 In the fall of 1999, the ethical issues border gene therapy came to the forefront of the field with the first death of a gene therapy patient of, Jesse Gelsinger.1 Gene therapy may contain inherent dangers that are not always unambiguous at first glance, as was illustrated more recently in a gene therapy trial involving SCIDs victims. Consequently, several new standards for gene therapy have been project into place regulating gene transfer trials to improve patient safety.Gene Therapy Genetics Genetic Engineering EssaysGene Therapy Gene therapy, the process of inserting a gene into an organism to replace or repair gene function to treat a disease or genetic defect, has made headlines world wide over the past several years as the new cutting edge technique that has the potential to change the way we look at medicine and treat people. Gene therapy is a method of treating inherited diseases by inserting copies of genes into the cells of affected individuals. The current research on gene therapy has centered on targeting somatic cells, such as red blood cells and nerve cells. Ano ther approach, called germ-line gene therapy, would insert new genes into egg cells, sperm cells, or even developing embryos. These genetic modifications would be passed on to future generations.10 The ability to alter genes bestows upon humanity incredible power. With gene therapy, diseases will be able to be treated before children are even born. However, with such treatment, a slippery slope is not far off. If it is considered good to treat a fetus with genetic defects in utero, then it is not a large logical leap to allow a couple to engineer the perfect child that they have always dreamed about having. With the dawn of designer children, the control of evolution could be in the hands of those willing to pay for it. As disparities in healthcare continue to grow, those who could not afford gene therapy could become marginalized, and humanity could witness the establishment of a genetic elite. The potential for new forms of genetic discrimination is also great. The gene pool could be systematically cleansed of traits deemed undesirable. Is it ethical to tamper with an individuals set of genetic instructions? If so, where do we draw the line?9 In the fall of 1999, the ethical issues surrounding gene therapy came to the forefront of the field with the first death of a gene therapy patient, Jesse Gelsinger.1 Gene therapy may contain inherent dangers that are not always obvious at first glance, as was illustrated more recently in a gene therapy trial involving SCIDs victims. Consequently, several new standards for gene therapy have been put into place regulating gene transfer trials to improve patient safety.

Technical Documentation :: Computer Science

Technical DocumentationThe software that will be apply for The Castletown High School Systemwill be Microsoft Excel. This is a spreadsheet broadcast that every(prenominal)owsthe user to carryout calculation and functions by using formulas. Themachine should reach a printer attached to it so that the users areable to print their attain when they are done. The users of the systemdo not need to be likewise good with computers but they do need a basic association of how the system operates. The system has been designed tohelp those users who are not to a fault good with computers. This system should be opened by an icon on the desktop this will makeit easier and quicker for the users to access. Each of the vents included in the homepage has a macro attached toit which performs a specific task code Results This button takes you to a screen were you selectwhich ground level you would like to nominate out results for when you chose theclass you are then taken to the results entry form where you nates enterthe results for each school-age child for your specific subject. Streaming List This button also takes you to a page that asks youwhich class you would like to teem when you have chosen this youwill be brought to the streaming list were you can stream that classbut also compare the male and female results in a graph. Pupil Report This button allows you to create a pupil newspaper publisher whenyou click this button you will go again to the class selection. Whenyou chose the class you must then chose which of the pupils you wishto do a report on when you do this you will be brought to the reportsheet were all the pupils details including grades will already beentered.Lookup(Grade,GradeLookupTable)This formula is used to work out the grade for the pupils. This is done by the formula checking the percentages against a table.ROUND(Mark/Max_Mark)* light speedWhen the Mark and the Max Mark have been entered by the user the supraformula will automatically wor k out the percentage.This button when press will bring the user back out of the Data opening Form back to the main menu.Data ValidationThis is the error marrow that appears if the user inputs a numberthat is greater than the max mark.This is the basic layout of my report. textual matter Box When the report is opened the information for Aine Boyle is automatically taken from the database and displayed in the streaming list, so the user only has to fill in at that place comment manually.

Western Movies Since 1960 Essay -- essays research papers fc

A NOT-SO-ACCURATE prophet once wrote, "As latterly as 1972, there were a tremendous number of quality western sandwichs macrocosm made . . . and since there seems to be a ten-year cycle in westward movie making, Id say well see more in about 1982." 1 In 1982 only two westerns were released, and neither was exactly a major success. Barbarosa, starring Willie Nelson, drew some respectable reviewsand some very change onesbut nobody went to see the film. The Ballad of Gregorio Cortez appeared first on phosphate buffer solution television, then later went into general release. Today the Western seems to be deader than the atomic number 20 Med-fly. Critics and aficionados of the form can only hear, as with Arnolds sea of faith, its long pull back roar. Everything except fluoride in the water has been blamed for the death of the Western. Even critics themselves postulate come under attack of late. Stephen Tatum, writing in 1983, called critics such as Brian Garfield and Do n whole wheat flour "shootists," indicting them for a variety of sins. They are said to include a "fundamentalist," transcendent conception of the Western. They are "redeemer" critics who wish to stymy the clock, deny history, and halt the inevitable evolution of genres. Not only that, Garfield and Graham are moreover accused of being "authoritarian" and suspiciously limiting to the "moral majority" position. It seems quite possible, however, that the roots of the Westerns decline lie deeper than in the likes and animadversions of benighted critics. The Western has lost its audience. An entire generation of moviegoers has seen one big-screen Western in their lives, and that, sadly, is blaze Saddles (1974). For this generation, who as children were glutted with television Westerns, such a legacy makes the Western an impossible form. Blazing Saddles is the final debunking of a long tradition and exposes the Westerns moral preachiness, its pr esumed insensitivity to blacks, reds, women, and other minorities, its good-guy-bad-guy schematic oppositions. Blazing Saddles took the Western into the terrain of the scatological, and from that defamation, nothing could be regained for an entire generation. By the early 1980s, the Western seemed hopelessly irrelevant to the largest share of the moviegoing audiencethe teen market. How could it ever make do with the simpleminded eighth-grade prurient v... ...k Rawson Associates, 1982. Highly opinionated and vigorously written. Especially valuable for its pressing upon the importance of the writer in the creation of good Westerns. Graham, Don. Cowboys and Cadillacs How Hollywood Looks at Texas. Austin Texas Monthly Press, 1983. Focuses on changes in the Western as reflected in its preoccupation with Texas and its various myths. Hardy, Phil. The Western. New York William Morrow, 1983. A large, handsome book containing spanking annotations of Westerns through 1983. Invaluable for a nybody wanting either quick reference or the big picture. Hyams, Jay. The Life and Times of the Western Movie. New York Gallery Books, 1983. profitable if unexciting survey of the Western from its beginnings to 1983. Lenihan, John H. Showdown Confronting Modern the States in the Western Film. Urbana University of Illinois Press, 1980. Definitive study of how the postWorld warfare II Western reflects such contemporary issues as civil rights, the dusty War, and Viet Nam. Pilkington, William T., and Don Graham, eds. Western Movies. Albuquerque University of New Mexico Press, 1979. Contains explications of several major films released during the 1960s and 70s.

Use of Imagery in Jean Toomers Cane Essay -- Toomer Cane Essays

Use of mental imaginativeness in dungaree Toomers Cane Dusk. It is that darker side of twi unused when the sun has notwithstanding set, but the moon has yet to take full charge. It is a cadence of mergings, of vagueness and ambiguity, when an end and a beginning change places. The sun steps asunder and lets the moon and stars take over for a while. As the most distributive image in the first incision of Jean Toomers Cane, it is the time of day when the sky, lazily disdaining to pursue/The setting sun, too indolent to hold/ A lengthened tournament for flashing gold,/Passively darkens (Georgia Dusk, 15). It is also a reflection of the souls of the characters, like Karintha, perfect as dusk when the sun goes conquer (3). Dusk and its smoky, fancylike derivatives form the connective imagery joining light and dark, day and night, black and white. It is the kind of imagery that most closely articulates what George Hutchinson called Toomers dream of a new American persi st in his essay Jean Toomer and American Racial Discourse (227). He says, Toomers vision of a sexual climax merging of the races makes perfect sense within the framework of the first section of Cane the dystopia of the contemporary South implies a corresponding utopia (234). While Hutchinsons theories bank heavily upon miscegenation and Toomers use of racially mixed characters, the more induce evidence seems to lie in the murkiness of both the mystic-like atmosphere of inelegant Georgia and the half created characterizations of its people. Through his distinctly modern use of imagery, Toomer creates a new iconography that defines a vision of the future where colors merge and race is no longer the harbinger of identity. To call Toomers agenda and use of imagery modern implies ... ...on, George. Jean Toomer and American Racial Discourse. Texas Studies in Literature and Language. 35, 2 (Summer 1993). 226-245. Reuben, Paul P. Chapter 9 Harlem Renaissance - Jean Toomer. PAL Perspectives in American Literature - A Research Guide. URL http//www.csustan.edu/english/reuben/pal/chap9/toomer.html Toomer, Jean. Cane. vernal York Norton, 1988. Toomer, Jean. Selected Essays and literary Criticism. ed. Robert Jones. Knoxville UT Press, 1996. Whyde, Janet. Mediating Forms Narrating the Body in Jean Toomers Cane. Southern Literary Journal. 26, 1 (Fall 1993). 42-52. Williams, Scott. A Jean Toomer Page http//members.aol.com/bonvibre/toomer0.html Yeats, William Butler. Into the Twilight. The Norton Anthology of Modern Poetry. eds. Richard Ellman and Robert OClair. New York Norton & Company, 1988.

Technolgy in The Kalinagos,Taino and Mayan Cultures :: essays research papers

Technology Taino Taino had very saucer-eyed life styles but they had some technological advances. Some examples are army hut building, Fishing and Pottery. Hut building there were larger huts built with a center pole, which gave extra support to the roof. It was considered important for resisting heavy gales. It had no windows and doors. wooden posts were placed firmly in the ground to form a class about five paces apart and laced together with springy branches and grass. crosswise beams were tied on top of the posts, and a pole placed in the center of the structure. The center pole and the transverse beams were then connected with lithesome poles, and these were covered with grass or palm leaves to form a conic roof. Fishing- Arawaks apply nets, lines with hooks, a bone or turtle shell and harpoons to magnetize fish. In Cuba artificial pools were created to keep excess fish until they were needed .The Arawaks used the sucking fish (Remora). Pottery- this w as make from the local red, brown and gray clays. Pots were non glazed but decorated with markings different for each village. They were made in shapes of frogs, birds or heads with wide eyes and large ears for handles. Basketwork cylinders These were made to extract the reprehensible juice of cassava. Cassava was the Arawaks main food, they made cassava cakes, pepperpot with cassava and a sauce called cassareep.Kalinago They painted their bodies to protect against the heat and insect bites made from vegetable dye and oil. Fishing arrows and Spears were leaning with shell and bone and battle arrows were tipped with fire and poison. Boat Building- Caribs canoes might have been up to 6 metres long. It was made out of tree trunks. The trunk was charred then hollowed with stone axes and left to season, aft(prenominal) which it was buried in moist sand. Bars were placed across the scuttle to the force out the sides and it was left in place until wood had desiccat e and hardened. Then triangular boards were wedged at the bow and stern so that the water could not enter the boat, and the sides were raised by fastening sticks wince with fibres and coated with gum to the upper edges.

Defense Mechanisms :: Free Essays Online

Defense MechanismsPeople use defense mechanisms so a lot that it is perhaps difficult to pick out individual cases to deal with. Additionally, it would be markedly easier for me to look for evidence of these mechanisms within myself. However, others do display such(prenominal) defenses against anxiety-inducing thoughts, memories, and impulses. In the healthy range of defense mechanisms, repression is key. Simply not thought process about something for a long period of time is often kinda helpful. This particular mechanism hatful at times be earlier obvious, as when, in a discussion, a person states that he or she would rather not talk about this. Of course, repression is not always this aware, barely in this case it is made manifest by a conscious struggle to avoid the topic. Of the neurotic defense mechanisms, humor is perhaps most seen on this campus. Self-deprecating humor helps soften the glare of our shortcomings, especially when they surface in public. Sometimes, jokes a re made specific to the situation (I tripped Im such a clutz) but they are often generalized. These jokes are also often not very funny, on the order of Im a dumbass...hahaha Of the psychotic coping mechanisms, denial is such(prenominal) more obvious than reaction physical composition. I can think of one and only(a) specific case, a friend who set his sights too high in sending out transfer applications. As rejections have come in, my mental picture that he was a non-starter for most of his choices because of grades was proven correct, but this is not something that he can seem to come to terms with. He claims not to determine why myself and several other friends, with near-4.0 GPAs have gotten into several prestigious schools, art object he has not. Seems like denial an inability to face his failings. Reaction formation also interests me a lot, because it is rather counter-intuitive as a defense mechanism. I cant really identify it in others very well, but I can see it in my self. In the case of a couple of failed friendships, in which I felt hurt by the actions of the other person, I cover up for my desire to get closer to them again (which produces anxiety because I am afraid of a repeat) by being very bitter towards them and divergence out of my way to avoid them.