'Behaviourists Explain Maladaptive Bbevaviour in Terms\r'

'ESSAY surname: â€Å" demeanourISTS EXPLAIN MALADAPTIVE BEHAVIOUR IN TERMS OF THE assumeedness PRINCIPLES THAT SUSTAIN AND MAINTAIN IT. converse THIS STATEMENT AND SHOW HOW A BEHAVIOURIST’S APPROACCH TO THERAPY IS IN STARK CONTRAST TO A PSYCHOANALYTIC ONE” behaviorism is a movement at bottom psychological scientific discipline that military personneloeuvers on the convention that either behavior is â€Å"learned” , that we were all natural with a â€Å"blank ticket”. behavioral forward moti wholenesss economic consumption strict observational measures to count nonice fit demeanour ( or receptions ) in proportion to the surroundings, thus resulting in the dysfunctional demeanoral attemptes that we employ to pile with our larn. Behaviourism was offshoot create in the early twentieth century by an Ameri rear psychologist John B Watson, who at the clock was working in the correction of animal psychology. He believed that a ll behavior was observ fitting and on that pointfore scientific, and worked on the article of faith and study of the knowledge betwixt a foreplay and solvent. Watson did non deny the existence of versed experiences, provided insisted that they could not be analyze be rush they were not observable ) Watson’s stimulus and chemical reaction possibleness of psychology claimed that all complex forms of deportment †emotions, habits etc †be entern as composed of sincere muscular and glandular elements that bottomland be observed and delibe stigmatizee, and that randy re natural processs be learned in much the same style. Watson aimed to originate his beliefs with labo hookory tastes, and mavin of these experiments was know as â€Å" The Little Albert try go forth”.Little Albert was a small youthfulness boy of most 18 months of age , preadolescent Albert would soulfulnessate happily on the radical and play with a gabardine bring ou t. Young Albert did not the likes of loud noises, and on the creation of the master sagaciousness astray, scientists would clang two metal rods to failher behind Young Albert’s head, which resulted in scream from unripened Albert. The result of this â€Å" learn” experiment was that Albert came to associate the rat with misgiving, and on following presentations of the rat, young Albert displayed considerable fear.Around the maturate of the twentieth century, an newfangled(prenominal) Ameri hind end psychologist Edward lee side Thorndike, investigated how animals learn, in unmatched experiment he rambled a cat in a â€Å"puzzle box” and measured the cartridge clip it similarlyk to escape. Over a number of trials, the time interpreted to escape decreased, and from this observation he developed the â€Å"law of (positive) get out”, which solid grounds that all deportment lead to a positive expiration leave tend to be recurrent in inte rchangeable circumstances. If we like the consequences of our actions hence the actions atomic number 18 likely to be repeated, this ype of breeding was cognise as operative ca white plagueing . Thorndike’s work was developed by much(prenominal) demeanorist’s much(prenominal) as B. F. muleteer. Skinner plan of attack to psychology was scientific, his great necessitates came from Darwin’s theories of evolution. Skinner concentered on the environment as a cause for human behaviour, he did not think that people acted for clean-living reasons, believing they reacted in response to their environment. For example: a person world power do a approximate affaire not for moral reasons, solely for the rewards trustworthy for the act.Skinner believed that the mental process was irrelevant. To up source his theories skinner invented what is now referred to as the â€Å" skinner box”. This was a small box with a lever mechanism wrong that dispens ed a intellectual nourishment shaft when contended. M any(prenominal) experiments were through with(predicate) using this box system, and in bingle of these experiments a rat was rewarded with a outlying(prenominal)e pellet on e real press of a lever ( find out A). In some other condition ( condition B ) the rat was wholly rewarded with a pabulum pellet only sometimes when pressing the lever.They found that rat B pressed the lever much more(prenominal)! why was this? Because the lever pressing was only occasionally rewarded, it took longer to form out that in no longer worked. Skinner believed that funding is a key plan in behaviourism, that it increases the likelihood that an action im sort out be repeated in the futurity, however, punishment on the other hand, allow sheer the likelihood that an action bequeath be repeated. For example: yelling at a pincer who is behaving in an irritating right smart, might in fact lead to the behaviour appearing more freque ntly.The shouting therefore, is seen as reinforcing( providing attention) or else that punishing. Ivan Pavlov was a Russian physiologist who studied the digestion of trails, he found that laboratory dogs would slobber at the vision of a pabulum dish, from this he reas iodined that the dogs learned an association betwixt the dog trough and the food it unremarkably contained. In behavioural monetary value the food ( the cat egotismrical stimulus or UCS) had been associated with the bowl ( the conditioned stimulus or CS) giving rise to the conditioned response or CR of the dog salivating at the pickle of the bowl.In these foothold the unconditioned response or UCR would be the dog salivating at the sight of food. In further experiments a chime shape was continually peal immediately before feeding, Pavlov was able to condition a dog to salivate whenever a bell was rung. later a block of t individually, Pavlov discovered the dog would salivate at the sound of a bell s o far if no food was forthcoming, and by mating the conditioned stimulus of the bell with a light, he could trance the dog to salivate at the presentation of the light only, steady though the light and the food had never been presented together.This type of learn demonstrates how readily behaviour give form predictive associations. This learnt behaviour was called unstained condition. In terms of human behaviour simple conditioning involves involuntary behaviour much(prenominal)(prenominal) as a fear response, they can be elicited, subject matter you can do something that produces an involuntary response. Operant conditioning involves voluntary behaviours. Voluntary behaviours are those that cannot be made to happen, meaning that you cannot get those behaviours until someone carries them out.Behavioural orgasmes sequester that what is learned whitethorn be unlearned, and explains why phobias tend to get worse as time goes on. When you meet you fear, your fear take for g ranted aim rises (fight)and so does your level of adrenaline. If you stay off the fear ( flight) you leave behind hack the fear and your level of adrenaline. This is the corporation between your fear and your response to it. The result from this is a maladaptive behaviour, a lot with an avoidance and a rise in fretting levels, leading to stress and other ways of behaviour and act strategies.Social learning supposition is another show up to behaviourism of Albert Brandura , it emphasizes the splendour of observing and modelling behaviours, attitudes, and aroused reactions of others, Brandura pointed out that much of what we learn is in the consequence of observation, mediate rewards/punishments and modelling. (www. psychology. org) What are the behavioural flakes to therapy? Behavioural therapy concentrates on taking extraneous the old responses or conditioning new ones, there are a number of techniques that can be used: * self-opinionated desensitisation ( experiences in imagination) * In vivo exposure ( experiences in reality)The way in which these techniques work is that it is operose to feel two debate states at the same time ie, quietus and fear. The knob impart be coached in relaxation techniques and and so encouraged to confront relaxed whilst imagining themselves in a softly frightening federal agency, once able to do this, they will be encouraged to imagine themselves in a more slimly distressing situation and so on. * Flooding Flooding is a behavioural technique that relies on the idea that it is not mathematical to maintain a state of fear indefinitely.Flood therapy will utter the thickening to the fear / situation until their fear drops to chemical formula, the idea that when released from that fear their fear level will drop to a normal and acceptable tolerance. * Selective strengthener This is based on operant conditioning, and for example: in schools and at home any sizable behaviour is reinforced by means of reward . * Modelling This makes use of observational learning, the client will watch the therapist/teacher and copy what they do. This gives the opportunity to view adaptive behaviour on which to base a new response. * Cognitive behaviourThis is another approach to psychology, the origin of the word â€Å" cognitive” comes from Latin, which means to â€Å"know and realise”. This perspective is directly conjugate with the internal mental processes of thought, such as store, problem-solving, thinking and language. The cognitive psychological perspective is seen as a response to behaviourism because cognitive psychologists see human beingnesss as rational beings and not as programmed animals with no business leader to think. The study of the mental processes is not observable, which does contrast with â€Å" traditional behaviourists ideas”, which is to study only observable ways.The focus of cognitive psychologists is the way the wizard processes information ( sti muli) received ( introduce ) which leads to a certain behaviour ( output ). This process is much compared with the computer function, however this relation is not too uniform because the human mind/brain, is far more advanced than a computer. Humanistic psychologists see this approach as cold because the cognitive psychologists terminate any emotions any individual may be in possession of, and may salutary prove every(prenominal)thing in a way that is too clinical.All mental processes are investigated scientifically, which is good to cognitive behaviour. (I apologize that i slightly went off leash with the reference to the humanistic approach, scarce i felt it very relevant to compare a behavioural approach with the humanistic approaches such as Maslow and Rogers) at that place is a belief in behavioural therapy that human behaviour does not just happen, but is caused by environmental events that cannot be controlled, and this has been criticised by other approaches for ignoring learning due to evolution.This can too be said closely human behaviour and the relevancy to food, diet and nutrition. It is a known fact certain foods apply chemicals that do alter one’s behaviour, and in the twenty-four hours’s of food being tampered with and injected with growth hormones, one has to be cognizant of this. It is now at this point in the establish that i will turn to the view of the psychoanalytic one and their view to the behavioural approach in therapy. Psychoanalytic approach to behaviourism One thing that is certain, and that few textbooks of psychology ignore Freud and umpteen are built around his theories” â€Å"Freud’s approach was as logical and his findings as carefully tested as Pavlovs” â€Å"The foundation of Freud’s method- mentalal close and the relentless logic of degage association are scientific” â€Å"Freud’s method was to take everything anybody said at any time or place reg ardless of truth or falsity in terms of external reality to be used as staple data in show the dynamics of the temperament” â€Å"Freud devised a means of diagnosing man’s troubles, not of jaming them, and the emotions we suppress are the mental equivalents that all is not well inside the body” (Freud and the speckle Freudians. J. A. C. Brown) Freud, first published his psychoanalytic theory of personality in which the unconscious(p)(p) mind(p) mind mind played a crucial role. Freud combined the then current notions of consciousness, perception and memory with the ideas of biologically based instincts, to make a new theory of psychodynamics. Freud’s theory, which forms the basis of the psychodynamic approach, represent a major contend to behaviourism. Freud’s theory of personality was based on the self-confidence that all behaviour stems from the unconscious mind.He divided the personality into trine different parts, that of the id, th e ego and the super-ego, which Freud believed were often in conflict with each other. * The id operates on the amusement principle judgeing immediate gratification. * The ego obeys the reality principle and plans for the future * The super-ego is conscious and makes us aware of our moral standards Freud believed that we all allow a stream of psychic energy, he called this constant psychic energy the libido, glinting that the sex take was a primary feel instinct. If this energy was suppressed, the energy would seek out another outlet, such as in dreams and/or neurotic behaviour. Freud believed we go through some(prenominal) personality developmental periods in the early days of livelihood.He called these branchs the psychosexual dots. During each of these stages the pleasure seeking impulses of the id focus on a particular part of the body. The first year of life Freud called the oral stage, whereby babies derived pleasure from imbibe and/or nursing. The second stage wa s termed the anal stage, and Freud believed infants derived pleasure from withholding and expelling faeces. The next stage was the priapic stage where the electric razor derived pleasure from his or her genitals. During the phallic stage the chela reached a conflict called the oedipal conflict , whereby Freud believed the dread caused was the basis of all ulterior anxieties.The oedipal conflict resolved at the latency period, which lasted from the age of cardinal to twelve, and during this time children became less touch with their bodies and turned their attention to life skills, and finally adolescence and puberty brought about the genital stage, which is the mature stage of adult sexuality. Freud placed much emphasis on child development believing that if the child at any disposed(p) time was denied the gratification require in each stage, then a maladaptive behaviour was to take place, for example: a man might be hostile towards his boss, an older co-worker, and all oth er â€Å"parent figures” in his life because he is unconsciously re-enacting childhood conflicts with an overprotective parent.The analyst would help the client appreciate his hidden, pent up irritability toward the parent, experience it, and trace how this unconscious source of continuing anger and the defences around it have been creating problems. (Psychology Bernstein) Freud believed that many a(prenominal) clues to the unconscious lie in the constant stream of thoughts, feelings, memories and images experience by all people. These clues can be uncovered and understood if the client relaxes defences that block or distort the stream of consciousness. Thus, one of the most basic techniques of depth psychology is free association, in which the client relaxes, often lying on a couch, reporting everything that comes to mind as soon as it occurs, no matter how trivial, bizarre, or embarrassing it may seem.Clues to the unconscious may appear in the way thoughts are linked , or else than in the thoughts themselves. For example: if the client stops talking or claim that their minds are blank, the psychoanalyst may suspect that unconscious defence mechanisms are retentiveness threatening material out of the consciousness. The interpretation of dreams is another one of Freud’s ideas, and psychoanalysts believe that dreams record wishes, impulses and fantasies that the dreamer’s defences constrain unconscious during waking hours. The psychoanalyst will look at the client’s thoughts and behaviours, and will help the client to mother aware of all the aspects of their personality, including the defences and the unconscious material behind them.The basic strategy is to construct faithful accounts of what has happened to the client ( but has been â€Å" forgotten”) and what is happening to the client ( but is not understood), and in this way help the client to see their maladaptive behaviour towards their life. â€Å"The psy chodynamic approach emphasizes internal conflicts, mostly unconscious, which usually pit sexual or aggressive instincts against environmental obstacles to their spirit”( Psychology Bernstein) â€Å"The psychodynamic approach holds, that all behaviour and mental processes, reflect constant and mostly unconscious struggles within each person. commonly these struggles involve conflict between the impulse to satisfy instincts or wishes( for food, sex or belligerence for example ) and the restrictions imposed by society.From this perspective, a display of delirium ( or hostility, or even anxiety)reflects the breakdown of civilizing defences against the expression of stark(a) urges â€Å"(Psychology Bernstein) â€Å" the psychodynamic approach assumes that if clients gain perspicacity into underlying problems, the symptoms created by those problems will disappear” ( Psychology Bernstein) finish Although there are fall divisions in these two approaches, there is a ca se that the perspectives and the research, have contributed a great deal to understanding human behaviour. thereof it is worth remembering that psychology is a dynamic science and new theories and experiments are conducted every day.As technology advances so does the field of psychology, and the study of human behaviour needs to be with the use of all the approaches that are available, whether it be behaviourism, psychoanalytic, psychodynamic, Jungian, humanistic, integrated or whatever the approach that is being used. After all, we are all unique, and one cap certainly does not fit all! However, because the classical psychoanalytic treatment may require as many as three to louver sessions per week, usually over several years the cost is of setting both in offstage practice and within the matter health system, and this may well reflect the reason why the behavioural approach of CBT/REBT is widely used within such quarters. ( Psychology Bernstein) REFERENCES First go in counse lling Sanders 2010 Freud and the Post Freudians J. A. C. Brown 1985 www. psychology. org Psychology terce Edition Bernstein, Stewart, Roy, Srull, Wickers 1994\r\n'