Developmental Psychology: Research Methods

developmental Psychology Re search MethodsBOTTE Christopher Louis CellioOutline and evaluate the research rules employed by developmental psychologists.Developmental psychology is be by Muir Slater(2003) as the enlighten that attempts to describe and apologize the changes that occur over m in thoughts, behavior, conclude and functioning of an case-by-case due to biological, individual and environmental influences. Any developmental psychologist, in its way to try to describe and explain the changes in an individual over duration, need to find out what research design feature with research method will be best to gather culture to be able to effectively carry its research. In the following paragraphs I will start by explaining the various research methods that be presently utilize by developmental psychologist. Lastly I will capture some question asked by some psychologist from past studies that have been shamble and try to evaluate the research methods used in it.Res earch methods crapper be broken into 2 parts soft research method and vicenary research method. The distinction between those two suits of research methodologies is that qualitative methods be essentially used for exploratory researches, use un merged or semi-structured techniques such as representational nonification and clinical audiences. Exploratory research, defined by Wikipedia is, research conducted for a problem that has non been clearly defined.The quantitative methods be used to quantify the ga thered cultivation by generating numerical data so that the data evict be statistically used for description and interpretation of information from a large population. Structured observation, structured consultations and establishs are some examples of quantitative research methods.As said in the preceding paragraphs, there are different events of research methods. let us now outline and evaluate the different research methods by using past psychological studies s o that we can befool those research methods in a real context.Descriptive MethodsIt is in the human nature to ascertain others and to roam conclusion about their behaviour. We have to admit that we often approximate people by their body language. In fact, scientist like psychologist in addition draw conclusion from people behaviours by observing them. There is a pile to learn further by observing people. The difference between a simplex individuals observation of an event and the observation of a psychologist is that, the scientific observation is through chthonic precisely defined conditions, it is done systematically and endively. In addition, the event they are observing is carefully recorded.As it is precise difficult to account all behaviours and large population at a time, a case sample of behaviour should be chosen accordingly to the news report they are carrying. The sample should be as veracious as mathematical for the external bindingity of the study. Ext ernal validity meat the extent to which the findings from the observations can be generalized. Other than a good representative sample, psychologist have to choose a good time consume as it enable psychologist to be exposed to the behaviour of interest at different period of the day. For instance, while observing a group of workers to assess their direction level (in work place), they should be observed for the whole day in fix to generalize their findings. They can non be observed only in the morning, where they are still fresh. Instead, they should be observed at different periods of the day or of the week, where under pressure of work, they express different behaviours. Another important divisor to make a good observation is situation sampling. circumstance sampling is choosing another sample, in another place and under different conditions and circumstances. Situation sampling enhances the external validity of the research findings.There are two distinct showcases of obse rvation. One is naturalistic or direct observation. It can be both qualitative and quantitative research method. In this type of observation, the detective is on field, observes and records (written) its unresolveds in their natural oscilloscope. The strength of this method is that, when observing on field the researcher can see the everyday behavior that the discomfits expresses. The casings behaviours are not biased by the fact that they are being observed by the researcher because they do not be intimate that they are being observed. The drawback is that the researcher is not in control of the situation, and then he may fail to see the behaviour he is raise in. Also naturalistic observation is often time consuming. Example of naturalistic observation are work of (Farver Branstetter, 1994) in which they observed preschooler prosocial resolution to their peers distress. Another example is the study of (Matsumoto Willingham, 2006) where the observed athletes in their natu ral setting of an olympic judo competition.The act type of observation also can be both quantitative and qualitative research method. It is the structured observation. This kind of observation is done in testing ground setting, where the researcher reproduce as more as possible real life setting in order to facilitate the occurrence of the behaviour of interest. The laboratory is also set in a way in which every musicians can equally flourish this desired behaviour. The advantages of this research method is that the proveer can control the laboratory audition to get the desirable behaviour from the subjects. The drawback is that, very often the subjects will figure an admirable and unnatural behavior to impress the researcher because they know that they are being studied. Garner (2003) set a laboratory observation to study the emotional reactions, to harm that two-year- emeritus children thought they had caused.Self-ReportsThere are three third estate types of self-report influences that developmental researcher uses to ask research participants to give information on their perception, thought, abilities, feeling, attitudes and past experiences. These types of self-report methods can be relatively unstructured wonders such as clinical interviews to highly structured interviews and questionnaires.Clinical interview is a type of self-report method. The researcher, which is also the interviewer and the research participant engage in a intercourse for a given period of time where the participant give his bakshish of view of the subject in discussion. The advantages of this method is that the researcher can see the way the participant expresses its thought in its everyday life and also a lot of information can be gathered in a session. The disadvantages is that the participant can distort the way the use to believe just to please the interviewer. Also when participants are asked questions about past events in their life, they do not remember things. In addition, as the clinical interview is based on conversation, one of the major problem that occurs is the fact that very often the participants has difficulty to put their thoughts into word. An example of clinical interview is the interview of Piaget to a 5-year-old child about dreams. (Piaget, 192611930, pp. 97-98)Structured interview can be both qualitative and quantitative research method in which apiece and every participants are ask the same set of question. It allows psychologist to gain time during the session as the questions are already prepared in advance. In this methods the psychologist has to prepare an interview schedule and has to stick to this schedule even if the participant is deviating from the focus of the interview. The questions set in the structured interview can be either open-ended or end-ended. The advantage is that this method is not time consuming as the questions are already pre-set exactly its drawback is that the answers that will end from the participants may still be affected by miscommunication of thought. Structured interview does not provide information in detail as clinical interview does.Questionnaires is a research method where a series of questions are asked for the purpose of obtaining information from respondent. It is considered as a written interview. Again, in this type of self-report interview the questions is set the same way for each participants/respondent. The outcome of this type of research may be very useful in statistical comparison. Questionnaire can be used for large populations at low personify and sometime this method can be quick if the questions asked are close ended. The limitations of this method is that it show little details about the respondents. Also, respondents may not be true in the expression of the feelings and thoughts even though questionnaires are confidential.Clinical or Case Study MethodCase study method can provide a full range information on a subject. It is often used to st udy special and arouse rare phenomena such as the case of Henry Gustav Molaison (Wikipedia 2015) who was an American computer memory disorder patient. This method analyses every event in the life the subject so as to give cues about how and why a subject is behaving like it is.Do women have better memories than men?Research mention that women are better than men when there is a verbal visible to remember. For example a list of words. Galea and Kimura (1993) did a laboratory experiment to test the hypothesis that woman have better memory than men. They tried to make an experiment to find if women were also better than men for remembering ocular material. They showed the participants, women and men a series of simple and familiar images such as car, table and pen to remember. After that they had to recognise the remembered images in a second series of images. After the experiment, the results were in the advantage of the women. Indeed women remembered more images than men. furth er is this result true? It is not simple as that to interpret the results immediately as they did. It is possible that the women encoded the simple images into simple words so that they were more likely to remember after. This experiment is not valid if the women stored the images as words. The experiment does not show that women are better than men in memorising simple images. Therefore we conclude that experiment should be done using specific methods.Do children think an mark that is out of bargain is out of sagacity?Jean Piaget is the pioneer of cognitive development in children. He started by observing childrens behaviours and study their responses to his questions. He therefore, develop his theoretical modeling to show that every children pass through a series of cognitive stops. In each different stages, a new cognitive skill were acquired. One important milestone in his theory is the physical intent permanence. objective permanence means knowing that when an object is out of sight does not mean out of existence. In the first stage of his theory, the sensori repulse stage starts from birth to the age of two. This stage is said to be the object concept. When insideng the search A not B error test, children age around fivesome months cease to search for an interesting object when the experimenter hid it. Piaget concluded that for the children the object has ceased to exist. For ripened children aged around nine months, they did search for the hidden object but made errors which he called place error, or AB error. The experiment procedure was like that, there were two cloth in front of the children. Let us name it cloth A and cloth B. The interesting object was shown to the child, then place under cloth A. The child successfully retrieved it. on the button after the child has retrieved the object, the experimenter places the object under under cloth A and the child was able to retrieve the object again. Now the experimenter places the object u nder cloth B and this time the child ceases to search for the object. Piaget says that the 5 months old children cease to search because they lack cognitive abilities and they believe that when object disappears, it is just vanished and non-existent anymore. For the nine months old children, Piaget would argue that they have a better discernment of the world but the subjective, egocentrism perspective of the child dominates. How far can we rely on these observation made by Piaget? What are possible alternative explanation of such behaviour? Do children of five months truly think that object cease to exist when they are out of their sight?A possible alternative explanation could be that five months children could not retrieve the object under the cloth because they lack motor skills to do it. They simply cannot hold themselves, they cannot bend forward and lift the cloth. If the reason that they do not search for the object when hidden is due to the lack of motor skills, then thei r cognition abilities has nothing to do with this experiment. Bower and Wishart (1982) did a laboratory experiment to test that 1 to 4 months children did not have object permanence. They tested if the tinder send of the children would rise when they saw an object disappear and then come back again. They hypotheses that if children age from 1 to 4 month did not have object permanence they would not react to the object when its reappears and their heart rate would not change. The result was that when the hidden object reappeared their heart rate did not rose. Therefore Bowen and Wishart concluded that the child had an expectation that the object was still there and did not disappeared. However, the moment when the object disappeared their heart rate rose showing their concern about the disappearance of the object. They have an ground that the object is hidden by an obstacle (the cloth) but it is still there and eventually continues to exist.We have seen from the examples that one methods cannot fully explain some behaviours. sometimes researcher should use different methods to get out the best from research. lit crit and critical evaluation of their methods and results help in getting reliable and valid research pieces.To conclude, the different methods works for specific event and time. The developmental psychologist should be careful when choosing their research method and designs. The psychologist in their way to describe and explain behaviour should ask themselves a good research question to aright theorise their ideas and also they should take care of all variables that can interfere with their results. After the handling of those enumerated conditions, then their research results can be received and generalized.Reference listBower, T., Wishart, J. (1972). The effects of motor skill on object permanence.Cognition,1(2-3), 165-172. inside10.1016/0010-0277(72)90017-0Farver, J. M., Branstetter, W. H. (1994). Preschooler prosocial response to their pee rs distress.Developmental Psychology, 30,334-341.Galea, L., Kimura, D. (1993). Sex differences in route-learning.Personality And Individual Differences,14(1), 53-65. doi10.1016/0191-8869(93)90174-2Garner, P. (2003). Child and family correlates of toddlers emotional and behavioral responses to a mishap.Infant Mental Health Journal,24(6), 580-596. doi10.1002/imhj.10076Matsumoto, D., Willingham, B. (2006). The thrill of victory and the agony of defeat Spontaneous expressions of medal winners of the 2004 capital of Greece Olympic games.Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology,91(3), 568-581. doi10.1037/0022-3514.91.3.568Slater, A., Bremner, J. (2003).Introduction to developmental psychology. Malden, MA Blackwell Pub.Wikipedia,. (2015).Henry Molaison. Retrieved 8 February 2015, from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Molaison1