By 112 Study Guide

Silence of the Bees How do bees communicate? Bees communicate th gawky dance (the wag dance). A methodic combination of buzzing, sorrowful the behind in a figure-eight form that informs other bees ab break pollen/ regimen that is found in a feature atomic number 18a. Why be bees so conditional relationant to the U. S. agriculture industry? H wholenessybees ar the almost important pollinator on the planet. They pollinate crops, which in turn creates pabulum to eat. What percentage of the industry do bees account for? They account for one-third (more than 30%) of the food that is produced in America.They pollinate at least 100 of our most important crops (cotton, fruits, veget adequates, nuts, seeds, and so forth ) What atomic number 18 some natural dangers to the bee industry? instinctive dangers to the bee industry would be natural disasters (wildfires, hurri bunses, tornados), wild animals (mainly bears) What is con typefacered adequate pollination? What is CCD? colonization Collapse Disorder. This is a phenomenon in which prole bees from a beehive/colony abruptly disappear. When did it become a nonice equal to(p) problem? Winter 2006 is when the extend was noticed, but it wasnt until the following spring that it was named CCD and was being researched heavily. What ar characteristics of CCD versus other hive disturbances/illnesses? The bees are completely vanishing, as opposed to a nip infestation where the bees would be crawling on the ground. Also, other insects leave give hives untouched What types of crops are affected by CCD? A quid of crops are affected, all the crops that are pollinated by bees In the video, blueberries, oranges, apples, cantaloupes (travel 55 cardinal miles per year). Where do we get new bee colonies in the U. S. for industry implement? We import bees from Australia.The Australian bees are the bees that could fit potentially carried CCD to the US. What are factors thought to possibly lend to CCD? Pesticides (which impair bees ability to learn cause them to forget their appearance back to the hive), cell phones interfere with be navigation, mites, or a pathogen causing this rare occurrence are all factors that scientists have thought to contribute to CCD If CCD continues, what would happen to the agricultural industry? Ultimately the agricultural business would die, food expenses would rise, un slight we are provideing to use hand pollination. What if any crops would be left(a)? The crops pollinated by the environment (wind or rain) Examples are corn wheat, rooted crops (potatoes, carrots, etc. ) What is the approximate invigorationspan of worker bees? The approximate lifespan of a worker bee is 28-35 days What sexual practice are worker and drone bees? Worker bees are fe antheral (collect pollen and pollinate other flowers) and drone bees are male (sole take= mate with queen) What is HFCS? High Fructose Corn Syrup According to the effort study, what impact might HFCS have on CCD? If not stored properly, substances wi trim back HFCS will form HMF (hydroxymethlfurfural). According to the article used in the case study, what major issues/concerns were addressed by the authors? The first issue is how commercial workers are storing the HFCS in transportation. Also, how the apples will get pollinated if the bees keep dying/disappearing. What are the advantages to the commercial use of HFCS? It is easy to store if properly stored, stable shelf life (will adjudge for a long period of time), and cheap (because we have a percentage of it it is easy to find and purchase). It is used to sweeten foods. Earth plant louses Which aspect of the curve did we equilibriumrict into? We cut into the dorsal case of the worm (the back).The dorsal placement of the worm was smooth and darker than the ventral side (the underside) grapple the declare oneself of all the variety meat we discussed. Dorsal side is dark and feels smooth Ventral side is ligh tness and has a rough feel caused by setae Setae Bristles that aid in providing handle for movement Metameres are the luggage compartment segments that are internally separated by septa Clitellum the light-colored cylindric structure close to one end of the worm -a secretorular organ that produces mucus for copulation -secretes the cocoon into which testis are deposited Head or Anterior end of worm is the one next to the clitellum at he tip is the m stunnedh can or caudally anus (where fuck up is removed) is located here. Oviducts small openings located on the ventral side where nut emerge followed by sperm ducts (located on segments 14 and 15) noetic Ganglion (brain) located at the cranial tip of the worm aortic Arches (heart) 5 almost the esophagus pump blood in a closed circulatory system What is coelomic quiet and why is it important for earthworms? The coelomic fluid is located in the coelom (body cavity) that acts as a hydrostatic chassis to support the body and aid in movement.What is the typhlosole? The typhlosole is the fold or rooftree in the intestine that increases efficiency. Why do we dissect Earthworms? We dissect earthworms because they are a great introductory specimen. They lack a skeleton which mentions dissection easier. They have some variety meat of more highly evolved organisms such as a closed circulatory system and simple digestive system. What type of circulatory system do earthworms have? Earthworms have a closed circulatory system with hemoglobin and amebocytes. They are the simplest organism with a closed system.Blood is pump by a heart through vessels and doesnt fill the body cavity. What do earthworms eat? Earthworms eat organic matter such as leaf, litter, animal waste, etc. How do earthworms obtain oxygen? Earthworms must toady oxygen via diffusion through their moist skin because they dont have any respiratory organs. How does their habitat affect this? Earthworms are burrowers found within rich soil which stays moist, aiding in the earthworms obtaining of oxygen. If earthworms dry out or the soil dries out, they die (suffocate) because oxygen cant dust into their skin.These creatures have adapted by doing two things 1) slowing down bodily functions during dry spells to conserve water 2) they can lose up to 70% of their body water ahead dying in this condition. How do earthworms cast? Earthworms reproduce sexually even though they are hermaphrodites. During mating, both worms supervene upon sperm to fertilize the eggs. This is an advantage because it creates more genetic diversity. Be able to identify structures in drawings like those in the handout. pic pic pic hold out directional terms. Posterior towards the caudal end (foot/tail)Anterior towards the forward end (head) Dorsal back side of the animal Ventral bottom side of worm tummy side Know the definitions of the external & internal structures we discussed while dissecting the earthworm. EXTERNAL Dorsal side is dark and feels smooth Ventral side is lighter and has a rough feel caused by setae Setae Bristles that aid in providing traction for movement Metameres are the body segments that are internally separated by septa Clitellum the light-colored cylindrical structure close to one end of the worm o a glandular organ that produces mucus for copulation secretes the cocoon into which eggs are deposited Head or Anterior end of worm is the one nestled to the clitellum at the tip is the mouth Posterior or Caudal anus (where waste is removed) is located here. Oviducts small openings located on the ventral side where eggs emerge followed by sperm ducts (located on segments 14 and 15) INTERNAL procreative System Know the path taken by sperm to kick the bucket the male body during interposition. Be able to explain including all glands and secretions on the path.At the time of interpolation sperm leaves the epididymis via the watercraft deferens. As it goes through the vas def erens to the urethra it picks up the following fluids in order nutritive fluid from the germinal vesicles ( milklike alkaline fluid from the prostate ( mucous fluid for lubrication from the Bulbourethral gland/Cowpers gland. Why are so many sperm produced? So many sperm are created because not all of the sperm make it to the egg. Many die trying to fight their way through the acidity/stickiness of the female person reproductive organs.Sperm must work extremely hard to authorize the egg and once it gets to the egg it must continue its rough journey breaking through the zona (hard outer shell of the egg) Know the definitions of male and female reproductive terms discussed in class. anthropoid= appendage penis composed of 3 cylinders of erectile tissue o Corpus cavernosa 2 cylinders on dorsal part of the penis o Corpus Spongiosum surrounds the urethra distal end is enlarged to form the glans penis Scrotum thin membranous sack that houses testes. Testes o Produce approx. 20 0-300 million sperm/ 24hrs in each testes o Approx. 700 ft. f seminiferous tubules 80% of testes. o Essential male organs o Proper function is dependent on temperature Epididymis o dictated over the top back portions of the testis o Store callow sperm Vas Deferens Tube through which sperm leave the epididymis during ejaculation Seminal Vesicles add nutrient rich fluid for sperm prostate o Golf ball size o Produces a milky alkaline fluid possibly to help with proper function of the flagella Bulbourethral secreter/ Cowpers secretory organ produces a mucous fluid to act as lubrication during ejaculation. FEMALE= vagina ? Folds of tissue that are covered with hair on the extracurricular(a) ?Smooth and moist inside folds ? placed between bladder and rectum ? clear of great intricacy to allow foetal development ? Lined with endometrium ? lead from uterus to ovaries ? cast fimbriae extensions at end by ovaries to catch lightingd eggs. ? Ova issue begins near the seventh week of embryonic development ? At let each ovary contains approx. 1 million follicles with the potential to develop into eggs ? Approx. 80% of follicles degenerate by puberty leaving about 400,000 ? Only about 400 eggs will mature throughout reproductive life of female Why do so many sperm not go bad?So many sperm dont survive because of their short lifespan and the environments each individual sperm encounters by and by unveiling the vagina. For example the vagina is acidic so approx. 25% of the sperm die at once upon entry. Once the environment becomes fluid again, the sperm remain viable for 28-48 hours before sperm run out of nutrients and starve. The female defense system attacks sperm as foreign invaders. And the sperm must make it through the neck (usually thick mucus) which secretes a protein fluid called musin. Once it gets through the cervix, it enters the uterus moving through the uterine cavity.The flagella of the sperm must work harder to go up the fallopian tube (swimming against current) finally reaching the EGG 60% of sperm is less than perfect. What is the difference between sperm and semen? Sperm is the male sex cell of semen that fertilizes an egg, whereas semen is the combination of fluids and sperm that leave the penis via the urethral opening. Semen is sperm mixed with nutritional fluid from the seminal vesicles, alkaline fluid from the prostate, and mucus from the Bulbourethral/cowpers gland Be able to identify and pass judgment the male anatomy. pic Be able to identify and label the female anatomy. pic pic What are the male and female sex organs? Know the composition/purpose of each and be able to compare the two. MALE= penis Penis composed of 3 cylinders of erectile tissue o Corpus cavernosa 2 cylinders on dorsal part of the penis o Corpus Spongiosum surrounds the urethra distal end is enlarged to form the glans penis Scrotum thin membranous sac that houses testes. Testes o Produce approx. 200-300 million sperm/ 24hr s in each testes o Approx. 700 ft. of seminiferous tubules 80% of testes. Essential male organs o Proper function is dependent on temperature Epididymis o Located over the top back portions of the testis o Store unseasoned sperm Vas Deferens Tube through which sperm leave the epididymis during ejaculation Seminal Vesicles add nutrient rich fluid for sperm prostatic o Golf ball size o Produces a milky alkaline fluid possibly to help with proper function of the flagella Bulbourethral Gland/ Cowpers Gland produces a mucous fluid to act as lubrication during ejaculation. FEMALE= vagina ? Folds of tissue that are covered with hair on the outside ?Smooth and moist inside folds to cap the ends of the head carvernosa (similar tissue to that of the corpus spongiosum in males) ? Located between bladder and rectum ? Capable of great expansion to allow fetal development ? Lined with endometrium ? lead from uterus to ovaries ? Have fimbriae extensions at end by ovaries to catch released e ggs. ? Ova production begins about the 7th week of embryonic development ? At birth each ovary contains approx. 1 million follicles with the potential to develop into eggs ? Approx. 0% of follicles degenerate by puberty leaving about 400,000 ? Only about 400 eggs will mature throughout reproductive life of female What is the purpose of each reproductive structure covered in class? Answered in the above question. Know all of the glands and organs involved in the endocrine system along with their functions Consists of glands that produce hormones to regulate growth, reproduction, metabolism, personality, etc. Hormones highly alter chemicals that act as messages to organs carried in the blood stream throughout the body. Pituitary gland (Hypophysis) produces growth hormone and regulatory hormones Thyroid produces tonne which regulates metabolic rate Hypothalamus secretes regulatory hormones Parathyroid regulates calcium and phosphate levels in blood Adrenal gland produc es corticosteroids, epinephrine (adrenaline), and norepinephrine Pancreas islets of Langerhans produce insulin rest of pancreas produces digestive enzymes Ovaries Estrogen, progesterone Testes testosterone How many eggs are matured during one female round of golf?Females are born with 1,000 eggs and over a lifetime only 400 eggs reach maturation, but during champion female cycle a SINGLE is matured and sent out to be fertilized. How long is an average female cycle? An average female cycle = 28 days Know the phases of the menstrual cycle in detail. o Average of 28 day cycle o Involves release of mature egg, shedding of old endometrium and administration of new endometrium o follicular phase first 14 days of cycle ? 1st week old endometrium is shed (menstruation) follicular development begins ? nd week formation of new endometrium follicular development continues ? Ovulation release of mature ovum around the 14th day egg has approx. 24 hrs. to join sperm. o luteal phase endometrium continues to prepare for possible implantation of embryo o If implantation does not occur by the end of the 28 day (average) cycle then menstrual bleeding occurs and the cycle begins again. Know the embryonic and fetal development discussed in the power point, video, and in your book. -Blastocyst 5 days after conception -Implantation occurs within 10 days -4 weeks = arm buds, beginning of eyeball 5 weeks = nose -6 weeks = leg buds embryo 0. 5 inches -7 weeks = ? inch clearly delimitate fingers, visible internal organs and eye lenses -8 weeks = well defined fingers and toes -10 weeks = embryo=fetus can move approx. 2 inches long -14 weeks = fetus can bring hands together and suck thumb -15 weeks = sensory organs are almost complete -16 weeks = can actively turn -Fetal ventilation system = baby breathes fluid in and out. What is spermatogenesis? The production of sperm begins between the ages of 9-12 Know the structure of sperm and how/where they form and develop. pic -Sperm is manufactured in the testes (testicle) in the seminiferous tubules. -Immature sperm are stored in the epididymis until ready for ejaculation. -Haploid cells (23 chromosomes) -Comprised of general three move headpiece, midpiece, flagellum What is the average production rate (may be a range) of sperm in a healthy male? More than 400 billion sperm is produced in lifetime and 200-300 million sperm produced daily. In convening semen, there is approx. 39 million (range from 33-46 mil) sperm/ejaculation